Yuav ua li cas yog Russia nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua? Txoj kev uas lub "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug saib xyuas"

Kuv yuav pib kuv zaj dab neeg txog tus neeg zoo tshaj masters ntawm cov lo lus, yug los ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab teb chaws, nrog rau ib notable rov. Qhov kev tshwm sim, uas nws nws tus kheej fondly thiab Yawm Saub nco qab txog ntau tshaj ib zaug. Los ntawm Ivanu Sergeevichu Turgenevu ntawm ib tug me me railway chaw nres tsheb twb mus los ntawm ob cov tub ntxhais artisans thiab txoj cai hais txog, yog nws muaj tseeb tiag lawv lub ntsej muag tus neeg sau ntawm "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug saib xyuas". Hnov ib tug tib cov lus teb, nkawd ob leeg nyo rau nws nyob rau hauv lub duav rov sauv, hais tias nws yog nws - tus hneev ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg (nyob rau hauv nruab nrab - thaum kawg ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua paub ib tug cov ntsiab lus ntawm "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug saib xyuas" yog ib tug kos npe rau ntawm zoo saj). Ntseeg kuv, cov txawj nyeem ntawv, hais tias nws tsis yog ib tug lam ua li txoj cai ntawm cov neeg hluas. Nws yog ib tug profound ua qauv qhia ntawm tus kheej kev luag hauj lwm ntawm tus kws nyob rau hauv lub abolition ntawm serfdom.

Cia peb tig mus rau hauv phau ntawv yam ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv thaum pib, peb nco ntsoov: nyob rau hauv no cov tswv kev sau ntawv - paj huam nyob rau hauv prose - tsuas yog ob tug neeg: Gogol thiab Turgenev. Kom qhia ib txoj kev "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug saib xyuas" yuav tsum pib nrog poetic thiab hloov maj mam Turgenev zaj dab neeg "Polecat thiab Kalinych". Nws lub ntsiab lub tswv yim - mus inter-caste friendship ntawm ob tug neeg - tus tswv thiab serf, ib tug ua tau, tej zaum, yog nyob rau hauv Russia. Calm, ntsuas logic tswv tsev polecat sib haum xeeb complemented kev xav Kalinych.

Lub protagonist ntawm Turgenev, fastening ua ke song "Memoirs ..." - nyob rau hauv kev hlub nrog nws lub tsev me me enlightened tswv tsev ntawm lub Oryol xeev. Nyob rau sawv cev ntawm lub traveler los ntawm haiv neeg chernozems thiab expounds Turgenev "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug saib xyuas". cov ntsiab lus ntawm zaj dab neeg muaj ntau ntsej muag: tus saib xyuas? hnov cov tub hluas uas coj tus nees thaum hmo ntuj ( "Bezhin tiaj nyom"), ces ua tib zoo qhia ntawm poignant pej xeem song ( "Singers"), ces muab daim card - ntawm lub enlightened neeg yuav raug hu ua nws haiv neeg av siab txog Vajtswv Wanderer Kasyanov zoo nkauj Swords.

Turgenev tsim kom kos duab zoo kawg nkaus thiab thiaj li zoo nkauj, tiag tiag dluab ntawm peasants, petty bourgeoisie, commoners, uas ntog nyob rau hauv kev hlub nrog lawv tus attentive nyeem ntawv, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug saib xyuas" yeej muaj tseeb tiag thiab lyrical phau ntawv hais txog lub Lavxias teb sab neeg rau hauv nruab nrab XIX caug xyoo. Landlordism yog ces lub ntsiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm ua liaj ua teb. Txawm li cas los, niaj hnub Ivan Sergeyevich tswv tsev twb nyob rau ntawm lawv imperious charisma thiab luv li cas yog nyob deb los yog Catherine nobleman ( "txiv pos Dej"). Formulating ib cov ntsiab lus ntawm "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug saib xyuas," peb yuav hais tias serfdom nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua, ib tug tag nrho sab sab. Muaj tsis ntau uas tau, domestic tswv tsev los mus tswj lawv qhev xyaum arraignment thiab kev rau txim.

Serfs, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj tsis muaj txoj cai. Lawv yuav yooj yim raug mob, yuav ua rau tsis zoo siab, lawv yuav tsis mus raws li tsim nyog pov tseg ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab lawv lub neej. Tsis ceeb, lub deformed haiv neeg, tig neeg mus rau hauv qhev, serfs deprived ntawm ntau cov kev ua si. Tsis cia siab lub neej feem ntau tes dej num tau tsis yeem mus quav dej quav cawv, kev dag, kev tub nkeeg. Feem ntau, ua kom tag nrho cov tsev neeg nws twb muab tso rau hauv lub xub pwg nyom ntawm cov poj niam, thaum cov txiv neej haus. Thiab thaum lub neej ua unbearable, tsoo tawm ruam thiab lim hiam ntshav riots. Tus thawj lub npe "knocks!" Tus kws sau ntawv tau muab rau ib tug ntawm nws tej hauj lwm. Lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm ib tug escalation ntawm kev ua phem nyob rau hauv haiv neeg yog ib tug nyuag narrative cov ntsiab lus. "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug saib xyuas", raws li nws twb ideologically sau ua ke tom qab allegorical zaj dab neeg "Mumu": tus mighty ruam neeg blindly raws lub nyob ze, petty hluas nkauj.

Turgenev zaj dab neeg kev voj voog (thaum kawg luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1852) ua si ib tug muaj koob lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub liberation ntawm lub peasantry. Cia peb piav qhia txog lub xeem kev xav (tom qab tag nrho, peb twb paub tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug saib xyuas"). Heev lyric, Ivan Sergeyevich, undoubtedly paub txog nws cov dej num rau zej zog. Txawm tias Turgenev yog tsis paub zoo tom, nyuaj lus, denouncing lub me me-minded cov tswv av, petty tyrants, tsis tau ua siab phem, nqaim-mindedness, ncaj ncees ntaub ntawv bankruptcy los tswv tsev Zverkov, Stegunova, Penochkin tso tawm kom pom nws mus rau tag nrho. Nws siv ib tug ntau haib riam phom - npaum, plig-taker rau qhov tseeb. Qhov saum toj no series ntawm cov dab neeg, raws li evidenced los ntawm Chronicle, ua ib tug sib sib zog nqus tswv yim rau ntau tshaj ib lub sij hawm los nyeem nws lub Lavxias teb sab huab tais Alexander II. Raws li koj paub, cov neeg lawv tus kheej zoo siab hu no huab tais abolished serfdom, lub Liberator.