Arabic numerals. Keeb kwm, tus nqi

Arabic numerals - yog kaum zauv cim los ntawm cov uas sau txog tej xov tooj. Lawv saib raws li nram no: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Cov nuj nqis nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub X-XIII centuries. Niaj hnub no, ntau lub teb chaws siv Arabic numerals mus sau cov xov tooj ntawm ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub decimal tooj system. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Arabic numerals yog tseem tsis tau paub tseeb. Ib txhia zaum ntseeg tias lub Arabic numerals tuaj rau peb los ntawm Is Nrias teb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua V BC, tab sis ua ntau ua tsaug rau tus naas ej as kawm al-Khwarizmi, uas yog dav popularized lawv. Lub ntiaj teb no-nrov paub txog yog tus sau ntawm lub treatise "Kitab al-Jabr ts-al-Muqabala". Qhov ntawd yog lub npe ntawm no treatise, thiab muaj lo lus "algebra", uas tau ua tsis yog ib lub sij hawm, tab sis science, tsis muaj uas nws yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog tej yam peb lub neej.

Lub Arabic numerals tau menyuam los ntawm cov inhabitants ntawm lub teb chaws Muslim thiab refined scholars. Hais txog tsib centuries, cov xov tooj no mas siv los ntawm lub koom pheej. Nrog lawv pab, medieval zaum tau mus cuag zoo zoo nyob rau hauv algebra, lej thiab lwm yam caij nyoog sciences, thaum teb chaws Europe yog sinking ntxaum mus rau hauv ignorance thiab obscurantism.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Arabic numerals nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Spain coexisted ob lub xeev - lub Barcelona County Christian thiab cov Muslim Caliphate ntawm Cordoba. Sylvester II ntawm, lub yav tas thawj coj ntawm lub Christian Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm 999 rau 1003, yog ib tug unusually educated txiv neej thiab ib tug zoo heev paub txog. Nws muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav tau rau Europeans mus cuag cov koom pheej nyob rau hauv astronomy thiab kev kawm zauv. Txawm raws li ib tug yooj yim hauj sam, nws tau nkag rau lub as scientific cov phau ntawv thiab treatises. Sylvester II muab nws cov xim los tejzaum ntawm kev siv Arabic numerals thiab pib sib txhawb lawv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Qhov no txawv tshaj plaw txiv neej tam sim ntawd muab nws lub xim rau cov loj zoo uas Arabic numerals piv nrog Roman, dav siv nyob rau hauv cov hnub nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe.

Tsis yog cov pej xeem hauv teb chaws kwv yees li lub enormous scientific nqi ntawm txoj kev paub no. Nws coj peb centuries rau cov zauv tuaj rau hauv kev siv thiab muaj yeej universal paub. Tab sis tom qab as nuj nqis muaj npaum li cas lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv medieval teb chaws Europe, cov thaum ntxov Renaissance. Nrog rau cov kev taw qhia txog Arabic numerals pib tsim kev kawm txog zauv thiab physics, astronomy thiab geography. European science muaj ib tug loj tshiab impetus rau nws ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob.

Yog vim li cas yog Arabic numerals muaj lub cim? Muaj yog ib tug hypothesis hais tias lawv yog ua los ntawm txoj kab ncaj nraim theem, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov ces kaum yog tib yam li daim duab nws tus kheej. Piv txwv li, pes tsawg twb tsis muaj ntawm cov ces kaum, nrog rau kev sau ntawv ntawm graphical nuj nqis 1 - ib ces kaum 2 - muaj ob ces kaum, thiab lwm yam Nyob rau lub sij hawm, ces kaum thiab xov tooj mas yuav kis tau smoothed tam sim no ib txwm daim ntawv ... Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, ib qho kev nthuav hypothesis, tab sis nws tsis yog lub tsis tseeb.

Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas cov neeg tuaj mus nrog Arabic numerals, cov lus teb yog tsis yooj yim. Zaum yog inclined mus ntseeg hais tias, feem ntau yuav, lawv sau ntawv mus rau cov koom pheej ntawm Is Nrias teb, nyob qhov twg lub cim ntau zoo tsa niaj hnub nuj nqis. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub Indian ntsuas nyob rau hauv V-IX centuries, zaum tau pom cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws tsos li niaj hnub cov nuj nqis.

Yuav ua li cas Indian cov nuj nqis hloov nyob rau hauv Arabic? Arab tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua V BC. e. sib hloov pauv nrog Is Nrias teb thiab nrog rau cov txuj lom, txuj lom thiab zoo zoo nkauj tshooj pob zeb coj cov nuj nqis, uas lub npe hu ua lub as tom qab nws tau raug neeg dawb huv thiab popularized los ntawm cov koom pheej. Yog li ntawd, cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi cov neeg tuaj mus nrog Arabic numerals, yog tseem qhib.