Ferrous thiab uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau. Cov kev siv, uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau. Tsis-ferrous co - yog ...

Co nyob ib ncig ntawm peb ib txwm thiab qhov txhia chaw. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev ib feem ntawm lub ntau yam uas peb siv txhua hnub. Cia saib ib ncig ntawm lub chav tsev nyob qhov twg koj yog, mus rau to taub dab tsi nws yeej yog.

Txawm nyob rau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, peb yeej paub hais tias tag nrho cov zaub mov cov ntaub ntawv raug muab faib ua ob pawg loj - ferrous thiab nonferrous hlau. Uas lawv yuav mus rau ib pab pawg neeg, thiab peb yuav tsum paub. Yuav ua li cas yog cov uas tsis yog-ferrous co nyob ua ib ke rau ntawm peb lub ntiaj chaw?

Yuav ua li cas yog dub hlau

Los ntawm "ferrous hlau" yog hais txog qeb hlau thiab tag nrho nws cov alloys, uas tam sim no nyob ua ib ke. Ntshiab hlau yog pom tsuas yog hais tias tsuas nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb lub chaw soj nstuam. Qhov no yog tsuas hlau.

Qhov no hom ntawm cov hlau yog tsim los ntawm sib txuas ntawm hlau nrog carbon thiab tsis tas li ntawd ntxiv ntsiab uas muab lub resulting hlau ntau yam zog yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv ib qho kev siv (e.g., magnetic).

Hlau thiab Steel

Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm ferrous co kuaj ob peb txheej txheem theem: ore extraction thiab nws cov kev kho mob nyob rau hauv lub moj tej tawg rauv. Tom qab ntawd hlau yog tau, los ntawm uas tom qab tau txais tej hom steel thiab hlau alloys. Tsis ntev los no feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv heavy kev lag luam. Rau hauv sib piv, uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau yog ib tug softer tshuaj muaj me ntsis txawv zog, lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw.

Cov hlau muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog 93% hlau thiab txog 3-5% carbon ntxiv residual ntsiab nyob rau hauv me me qhov ntau. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog tsis tshua muaj siv rau zus tau tej vim hais tias nws muaj ib tug friability. Nws yuav pom nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov hom ntawm cov kav dej, li qub los yog li qub. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov volume ntawm ua npua hlau (90%) yog ua rau hauv hlau.

Lub ntsiab yam ntawm steel, uas yog ua los ntawm cov hlau yog: carbon thiab cov uas tsis muaj (hardened) steel, stainless, ferritic-chrome, chrome, martensite-chrome, chrome-vanadium-alloyed, npib tsib xee, tungsten, molybdenum thiab manganese hlau.

hlau ore

Nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, lub caij ntawm lub periodic lub rooj yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab nyob rau hauv ib tug es me me (tsuas 5.5%). Tab sis nws yog heev npaum li cas ib feem ntawm ntau yam hlau ores.

Qhov loj tshaj deposits (paj tau paj ntawm ntau tshaj 30 trillion tons) yog khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm ferruginous quartzite, uas nws muaj hnub nyoog yog ntau tshaj li ob billion xyoo. Lawv kis mas nyob rau hauv qhov chaw xws li North thiab South America, Teb chaws Africa, Is Nrias teb thiab sab hnub poob teb chaws Australia.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug uas tsis yog-ferrous co

Lwm loj pab pawg neeg ntawm cov hlau, Tsis zoo li yav dhau los ib tug, muaj ib tug mos mos zog, lawv muaj ntau yas, muaj thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity, corrosion kuj, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

Tsis-ferrous co - ib leeg lub npe ntawm tag nrho cov co thiab lawv alloys, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm hlau. Lawv muaj peev xwm tseem yuav hu ua "non-ferrous co", uas yog tsuas ncaj ncees.

nonferrous co yog:

- Kub, silver, platinum (zoo zoo nkauj tshooj);

- txhuas, titanium, magnesium, lithium, beryllium (teeb);

- tooj liab, tin, hmoov txhuas, zinc, cobalt, npib tsib xee (mob loj heev);

- niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, chromium, tungsten (refractory);

- indium, gallium, thallium (tawg khiav ri niab);

- scandium, yttrium thiab tag nrho cov lanthanides (muaj tsawg heev);

- radium, technetium, actinium, polonium, thorium, francium, uranium thiab transuranic ntsiab (tej).

Lub keeb kwm ntawm uas tsis yog-ferrous metallurgy

Tsis-ferrous co niaj hnub no dav siv nyob rau hauv machinery, tshuaj kev lag luam, kev tsim kho thiab ntau lwm qhov chaw ntawm lawm. Tsaug rau scientific thiab cov kev kawm lub Scope ntawm no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog lossi expanding, thiab co zus tau tej technology tseem los txhim kho.

Thaum lub sij hawm, siv cov non-ferrous co loj hlob, uas coj mus rau lub foundations ntawm cov tshiab ntsiab thiab lub npe. Ntau thiab ntau cov pib yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv cov hlau ntau lawm. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua, nws twb siv txog 15 lub npe, thiab tsuas yog 50 xyoos tom qab - ob lub sij hawm ntau. Niaj hnub no siv ntau tshaj 70 txawv hlau, uas yog ib feem ntau ntawm cov tam sim no lub npe hu.

cov theem ntawm kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv kev thov rau hnyav uas tsis yog-ferrous co yog vim tus loj hlob xav tau kev pab ua tsov ua rog kev lag luam (rau zus tau tej cov mos txwv), tab sis cov pab pawg neeg ntawm lub teeb siv nyob rau hauv lub khoos kas aerospace thiab qhov chaw kev lag luam.

Pab pawg neeg cov qub noble massively siv tau los ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab ornaments. Nyob rau hauv lub 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th 78% kub, 36% platinum thiab 15% ntawm cov nyiaj tau siv rau cov hom phiaj. Yog hais tias koj noj cov lwm cov chaw uas siv precious uas tsis yog-ferrous co, - ib tug hluav taws xob ntau lawm (kub hu nyob rau hauv pab kiag li lawm), tsheb ntau lawm (hais txog 43% ntawm platinum), thiab nyiaj tau tau muab siv rau qhov siv thiab ua zaj duab xis thiab yees duab cov ntaub ntawv.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog uas tsis yog-ferrous co

Txhua yam ntawm tus co ntawm no pab pawg neeg muaj zog uas txhais tau nws nyob rau hauv feem ntau teej tug thereto. Nws kuj ua rau kev siv uas tsis yog-ferrous co nyob rau hauv ntau industries.

Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, feem ntau ntawm lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug siab kub muaj peev xwm thiab thermal conductivity, uas muab lawv lub peev xwm los sai sai txias tom qab vuam. Muaj yog ib tug downside rau qhov no: Thaum ua hauj lwm nrog cov hlau xws li magnesium thiab tooj liab, lawv yuav tsum tau rhaub tam sim ntawd ua ntej Vuam, thiab thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem nws tus kheej yuav tsum tau thov ib tug muaj zog qhov twg los ntawm tshav kub, yog li ntawd lawv yuav tsis txias.

Lwm cov yam ntxwv feature yog kev txo nyob rau hauv txhua yam khoom. Nyob rau hauv view ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo ua hauj lwm nrog lawv nyob rau hauv kom tsis txhob rhuav.

Tsis-ferrous co nyob rau hauv lub cua sov cov txheej txheem kev koom nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog lub roj cua. Qhia tej yam no cov khoom teejtug uas titanium, molybdenum thiab tantalum.

Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov hlau yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv lub lag luam rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, tab sis lawv yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov pa, uas txav hlau. Rau lub hom phiaj no, conductors, piv txwv li, yog them los ntawm ib tug tiv thaiv cov kua roj vanish. Pre hlau amenable priming txoj kev nyob rau hauv ob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.

tooj liab ores

Qhov no hom ntawm ore yog lub feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub "xim" qeb. Qhov no hlau kuj muaj lub widest teb ntawm daim ntawv thov: kev tsim kho, zog kev lag luam, aeronautics, tshuaj, zus tau tej cov zoo thaum tshav kub kub exchangers thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

Qhov chaw tooj liab deposits kuj muaj ntau haiv neeg. Niaj hnub no, tseem ceeb heev yog txuas mus rau cov neeg pluag interspersed ores (porfirovannogo hom) uas yog nyob rau hauv volcanic Craters. Txoj kev ua ib cov tshuaj lub caij ntawm lub kub kua uas twb noj los ntawm lub magma lag. Loj mov ntawm no ore yog nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm North thiab South America.

Lwm hom tooj liab ores - pyrite, yog muab rho tawm los ntawm lub hauv qab ntawm lub seas thiab oceans. Tau qhov twg los - av nyob rau hauv lub Urals.

Thiab lwm loj loj qhov chaw ntawm xws ores yog tooj liab sandstones (Chita Oblast nyob rau hauv Russia, Katanga nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa).

Yog li, uas tsis yog-ferrous co - ib tug indispensable khoom ua muaj ntau yam ntawm tej yam uas nyob ib ncig peb.