Electric teb siv

Txhua fais xwb lwm tus hluav taws xob field. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lengthy kev tshawb fawb physicists peb tau xaus lus tias tus sis ntawm them lub cev yog vim qhov hluav taws xob teb puag ncig lawv. Lawv yog ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv ntawm qhov teeb meem, uas yog inextricably txuas nrog tag nrho cov hluav taws xob xwb.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub fais teb no yog nqa tawm los ntawm qhia rau nws zoo them lub cev. Cov uas lub cev yuav raug xa mus rau raws li "kev kuaj nqi". Piv txwv li, raws li feem ntau siv xeem xwb them cork pob.

Thaum ua ib tug xeem xwb nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob field ntawm lub cev, uas muaj ib tug zoo xwb, ib qho yooj yim zoo them pith pob nyob rau hauv nws cov cawv yuav thim qhov ntau, cov los ze zog peb yuav coj nws mus rau hauv lub cev.

Thaum tsiv ib txoj kev kuaj xwb nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob field ntawm tej them lub cev yuav yooj yim ntes hais tias tus quab yuam sawv nws, yuav sib txawv nyob rau hauv txawv qhov chaw.

Piv txwv li, thaum muab tso rau hauv series nyob rau hauv tib lub teb point txawv tsuas kuaj zoo nqi Q1, Q2, Q3, ..., qn, tej zaum koj yuav nrhiav tau hais tias cov rog kuj rau lawv, F1, F2, F3, ..., Fn yog sib txawv, tab sis tus piv ntawm cov quab yuam kom qhov luaj li cas tej nqi rau tej qhov teb yeej ib txwm ntsiab lus:

F1 / Q1 = F2 / Q2 = F3 / Q3 = ... = Fn / qn.

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv no yav tas yuav tshawb txawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub teb, peb muab tau cov nram qab no xaus: rau txhua tus neeg taw tes nyob rau hauv lub hluav taws xob field tus piv ntawm tus quab yuam sib sib zog tsa rau ib txoj kev kuaj xwb mus rau lub magnitude ntawm no xwb thiab li qhia siv kuj hais txog ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov kev xeem xwb.

Los ntawm no nws raws li nram no hais tias tus nqi ntawm no piv characterizes lub electric teb nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov nws cov ntsiab lus. Tus nqi uas yog ntsuas los ntawm tus piv ntawm kev quab yuam sib sib zog tsa rau ib tug zoo xwb muab tso rau ntawm tus taw tes ntawm lub teb, luaj li cas thiab them nyiaj mus rau lub electric teb lub zog yog:

E = F / Q1.

Nws yog ib, raws li yog tseeb los ntawm nws txhais, sib npaug zos rau cov dag zog yuam uas ua rau lub tsev ntawm ib tug zoo xwb muab tso rau hauv ib lub taw tes rau ntawm lub teb.

Lub tsev ntawm kev siv ntawm hluav taws xob field uas tau txais daim teb siv yeeb rau hauv them nyiaj loj ntawm ib tug tsev nrog electrostatic force ntawm ib tug dyne. Qhov no unit yog hu ua tus tsis electrostatic unit ntawm nro.

Yuav kom txiav txim seb qhov hluav taws xob field siv ntawm tej taw tes xwb q nyob rau ntawm ib arbitrary point nyob rau hauv lub teb Ib tug ntawm tus nqi uas yog cais los ntawm nws los ntawm ib tug deb R1, qhov no yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv ib tug arbitrary point xeem xwb Q1 thiab xam tus quab yuam fab, uas ua rau cov khoom (nqus).

Raws li rau Coulomb txoj cai :

Fab = (q1q) / r²₁.

Yog hais tias peb coj tus piv ntawm cov rog uas muaj feem xyuam rau tus nqi rau cov nqi Q1, nws yog ua tau los mus laij lub electric teb ntawm nro ntawm taw tes A:

Ea = q / r²₁.

Koj tseem yuav nrhiav tau lub dag lub zog nyob rau hauv ib tug arbitrary point B; nws yuav ua ncaj rau:

Eb = q / r²₂.

Yog li ntawd, cov hluav taws xob field siv ntawm ib tug taw tes xwb hauv ib lub taw tes rau ntawm lub teb (nyob rau hauv vacuo) yuav ncaj qha proportional rau qhov luaj li cas ntawm tus nqi thiab inversely xwm yeem mus rau square ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm no taw tes thiab tus nqi.

Lub teb lub zog ua hauj lwm pab raws li nws lub hwj chim yam ntxwv. Paub nws tom tej taw tes ntawm lub teb E, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los mus laij thiab effect lub F, sawv ib tug xwb q ntawm ib tug muab point:

F = qE.

Cov hluav taws xob field - vector kom muaj nuj nqis. Kev taw qhia nro nyob rau hauv txhua tej taw tes nyob rau hauv lub teb no yog tag nrho nrog rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev quab yuam sib sib zog tsa rau ib tug zoo xwb muab tso nyob rau hauv ib tug taw tes.

Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm daim teb ob peb nqi: Q1 thiab Q2 - lub zog E tom tej taw tes A ntawm daim teb no yuav ua ncaj rau cov geometric sum ntawm E1 thiab E2 nro tsim ntawm ib tug muab point nyias tsub Q1 thiab Q2.

Cov hluav taws xob field tom tej taw tes yuav muab tso tawm kom graphically los ntawm ib tug qhia ya uas originates los ntawm no taw tes, zoo sib xws rau cov duab dag lub zog thiab lwm yam vector ntau.