Devonian lub sij hawm ntawm lub Paleozoic era

Geological Devonian lub sij hawm (420 - 358 lab lub xyoo dhau los) yog pib ntawm lub Lig Paleozoic. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm muaj ntau biotic txheej xwm zoo heev pab cov kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Devonian system twb ntsia tau rau hauv 1839 los ntawm zaum Adas Sedgwick thiab Roderick Murchison nyob rau hauv lub English county ntawm Devonshire, tom qab uas nws yog muaj npe.

biota

Nyob rau Eve ntawm lub Devonian loj extinction tshwm sim lub organic ntiaj teb no. Muaj ntau hom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, tsuas faded deb thiab zoo. Nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw no muaj cov tshiab pawg ntawm cov tsiaj cov nroj tsuag. Nws yog lawv uas txiav txim seb ntsia zoo li tus muaj thiab fauna ntawm lub Devonian lub sij hawm.

Muaj yog ib tug tiag tiag kiv puag ncig. Tam sim no lub neej tau tsim tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv lub seas thiab dej tsis qab ntsev lub cev, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv av. Thoob plaws tebchaws vertebrates thiab terrestrial nroj tsuag. Devonian lub sij hawm, tus muaj thiab fauna uas txuas ntxiv mus rau evolve, cim los ntawm tus rov tshwm sim ntawm cov thawj ammonites (cephalopods). Nws tej nws heyday bryozoans, rugosa, tej yam articulate brachiopods.

Lub neej nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov organic ntiaj teb no tau los tsis tau tsuas yog lub ntuj evolution, tab sis kuj cov kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub Devonian lub sij hawm, raws li tau zoo raws li khaus tectonic taw thiab tej yam ntawm qhov chaw (raws li ib tug tag nrho) hloov nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm cov vaj tse. Lub neej tom hiav txwv tau ua ntau ntau haiv neeg raws li muab piv rau tus Silurian. Devonian lub sij hawm ntawm lub Paleozoic era yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm predominant txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam hom ntses (tej zaum thiab tau hu nws ua "nuv ntses lub sij hawm"). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws pib fading tsistoidey, Nautiloidea, trilobites thiab graptolites.

Tsawg ntawm cov kev yug me nyuam mus txog articulate brachiopods. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog varied twb spiriferidy, atripidy, rinhonellidy thiab terebratulidy. Hom richness thiab ceev ceev variability nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm differed brachiopods. Qhov no pab pawg neeg yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau paleontologists thiab geologists muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws phais cov deposits.

Devonian lub sij hawm, uas tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag yog distinguished los ntawm zoo muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog yav dhau los eras, muab tau ib qho tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm coral. Ua ke nrog stromatoporoideyami bryozoans thiab lawv pib coj ib feem nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm reefs. Lawv pab los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm calcareous algae, uas tau nyob hauv Npanpiloo los ntawm cov Devonian hiav txwv.

Invertebrates thiab vertebrates

Ntawm cov invertebrates hloov zuj zuj ostracods, merostomes, tentaculites, blastoids, hiav txwv Lily, hiav txwv urchins, lub paj rwb, gastropods thiab Conodonts. Raws li qhov seem ntawm lub xeem kws txawj niaj hnub no los mus txiav txim lub hnub nyoog ntawm sedimentary pob zeb.

Devonian lub sij hawm cim los ntawm qhov zuj zus qhov tseem ceeb ntawm vertebrates. Raws li hais saum toj no, nws yog "ntses Xyoo pua" - armored, bony thiab cartilaginous ntses nyob ib tug tseem ceeb txoj hauj lwm. Los ntawm no loj Scroll rau New pab pawg neeg. Lawv jawless ntses zoo li cov kab mob no. Yog vim li cas cov vertebrates flourished? Piv txwv li, ib tug plastinokozhih thiab armored fishes pem hauv ntej npog tas ib ce thiab taub hau raug them nrog tuab tiv thaiv plhaub - ib tug decisive sib cav nyob rau hauv lub nriaj kom ciaj sia taus. Cov creatures differed sedentary txoj kev ua neej. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub Devonian twb tsis tau tsuas yog cov pob txha mos, tab sis Akulovo. Lub hom hauj lwm lawv nyob thiab tom qab ntawd - nyob rau hauv lub Mesozoic.

nroj tsuag

Thaum lub lem, yog cais los ntawm lub Silurian Devonian lub sij hawm, intensified cog nkag mus rau thaj av. Nws pib lawv sai resettlement thiab adaptation mus rau lub tshiab terrestrial lub neej. Early thiab Sredniy Devon dhau nyob rau hauv txoj cai rau hauv av ntawm txheej thaum ub vascular cov nroj tsuag Rhyniophyta uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv swampy cheeb tsam no. Los ntawm kawg ntawm lub sij hawm lawv yog tu noob qhov txhia chaw. Nyob rau hauv lub Middle Devonian twb existed spore nroj tsuag (chlenistostebelnye, Lycopodiaceae thiab ferns).

thawj gymnosperms nyob. Tsob nroj hloov zuj zuj mus rau hauv tsob ntoo. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kwm kis heterosporous ferns. Yeej av tej nroj tsuag tsim nyob rau hauv lub chaw ntug hiav cheeb tsam, nyob qhov twg muaj ib tug sov so, me me thiab noo kev nyab xeeb. Ze ntawm lub ntiaj teb dej hiav txwv nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm tseem muaj nyob tsis muaj nroj tsuag.

kev nyab xeeb

Lub Devonian lub sij hawm yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ntshiab zonation ntawm kev nyab xeeb piv nrog rau thaum pib ntawm lub Paleozoic. East Evopeyskaya platform thiab Ural twb nyob rau hauv lub equatorial tsam (average kub 28 - 31 ° C), Caucasus - tauj siv (23 - 28 ° C). Ib tug zoo xws li cov teeb meem no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Australia.

Arid kev nyab xeeb (qhuav suab puam kev nyab xeeb) tsim nyob rau hauv Canada. Thaum lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub xeev ntawm Saskatchewan thiab Alberta, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub Mackenzie dej phiab yog ib tug active txheej txheem ntawm ntsev txuam nrog. Qhov no txawv cim nyob rau hauv North America tseg rau tom qab Devonian lub sij hawm. Minerals sau nyob rau hauv lwm cov cheeb tsam. Nyob rau Siberian Platform tej kimberlite kav tau ua loj pob zeb diamond deposits.

ntub cheeb tsam

Nyob rau hauv lub lig Devonian nyob rau hauv Eastern Siberia nce humidification pib, vim hais tias ntawm cov uas muaj nyob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg enriched nyob rau hauv manganese oxides thiab hlau hydroxides. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm thiab noo kev nyab xeeb yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tej chaw ntawm Gondwana (Uruguay, Argentina, South Australia). Nws twb txawv los ntawm high humidity, uas ntog dej nag ntau dua tshaj yuav txia mus rau hauv cov av thiab qhuav.

Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam (raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb Asia) tswm reef arrays sau reef limestones. Nyob rau hauv Belarus, Kazakhstan thiab Siberia mus teem ib lub nce mus nce los ya raws. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Devonian tsim ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm semi-cais thiab raug rho tawm dej hauv uas ceg tau cais fauna. Los ntawm kawg ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm qhov txawv ntawm qhov pib plooj.

minerals

Lub Devonian nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nrog noo huab cua tau tsim lub feem ntau ancient nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thee nqaws. Cov deposits muaj xws li tso nyob rau hauv Norway, thiab Timan. Los ntawm Devonian roj thiab cov nkev kev coj tus kheej horizons yog Pechora thiab Volga-Urals cheeb tsam. Ib yam yuav hais tias zoo xws li deposits US, Canada, lub Sahara thiab cov Amazon phiab.

Thaum lub sij hawm no, nyob rau hauv lub Urals thiab nyob rau hauv Tatarstan pib tsim reserves ntawm hlau ore. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nrog arid kev nyab xeeb tsim tuab strata ntawm potash (Canada thiab Belarus). Volcanic ces tau coj mus rau tsub zuj zuj ntawm tooj liab-pyrite ores nyob rau hauv lub North Caucasus thiab nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj slopes ntawm cov Urals. Tej lead-zinc thiab hlau-manganese deposit nyob rau hauv Central Kazakhstan.

tectonics

By pib ntawm lub Devonian nyob rau hauv lub North Atlantic cheeb tsam, thiab muaj pib jutting roob lug (Northern Greenland, Northern Tien Shan, Altai). Euramerica nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb nyob rau hauv equatorial latitudes, Siberia, Kauslim thiab Tuam Tshoj - nyob rau hauv lub kub tsis txias latitudes. Gondwana yog nkaus nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb hemisphere.

Euramerica tsim thaum pib ntawm lub Devonian. Yog vim li cas rau nws tshwm sim yog lub clash ntawm Eastern Europe thiab North America. Qhov no av loj tej khaus raising (mus rau lub loj tshaj raws li paub faib caj). Cov khoom ntawm nws yaig (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov liab clastic sediments) sau nyob rau hauv teb chaws Aas Kiv, Greenland, Spitsbergen thiab Scandinavia. Nrog cov tshiab daim ntau quav tso roob lug (fold system ntawm lub sab qaum teb Appalachians thiab Newfoundland), lub sab qaum teb sab hnub poob-sab qab teb thiab Euramerica ua voj voog ncig.

Feem ntau ntawm cov East European Platform yog ib tug uas tsis muaj me cuam kawb watersheds. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub qaum teb hnub poob ze ntawm lub British-Scandinavian mobile siv muab tso rau cov uas tsis muaj roob thiab loj toj. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov Devonian lub sij hawm, lub basest qhov chaw ntawm lub East European platform tau nyab los ntawm lub hiav txwv. Nyob rau lub chaw ntug hiav lowlands kis kob liab. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm siab salinity nyob rau hauv lub central ib feem ntawm lub hiav txwv phiab sau deposits dolomite, gypsum, pob zeb ntsev.