Yuav ua li cas ib tug qauv lens yields piv txwv

Yuav kom paub tseeb seb uas lens muab ib daim duab, nws yog tsim nyog ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov yuav tau nco qab hais tias xws li ib tug lens. Lub ntsiab lub cev tshwm sim, uas yog siv los tsim cov lens - qhov no yog qhov refraction ntawm lub teeb kis tau los ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Qhov no tshwm sim tau tsim ib tug ntaus ntawv uas yuav tswj cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub teeb. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tej kev tswj piav qhia rau cov me nyuam tom tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub yim qib physics.

Lus Txhais ntawm cov lo lus, thiab cov lens khoom, uas yog siv rau cov kev siv thiab

Lo ntsiab muag siv rau ib tug neeg yuav tsum tau pom ib tug mob los yog txo cov duab ntawm ib tug kwv. Piv txwv li, siv ib tug tsom iav raj los yog tshuab kuaj kab mob. Yog li ntawd, qhov no ntaus ntawv yog pob tshab. Qhov no yog ua li cas nrog tus aim los pom tej yam raws li peb yeej yog, tsuas yog ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv loj. Nws yuav tsis tau dawb lias, distorted, yog tias qhov no yog tsis yuav tsum tau. Hais tias yog, tus lens - ib tug pob tshab lub cev. Tom ntej no mus rau nws lub Cheebtsam. Lub lens muaj ob chaw. Lawv yuav tsum tau nkhaus, feem ntau kheej kheej, los yog lwm tus ib tug ntawm lawv yuav tsum nkhaus thiab lwm yam dav hlau. Nws yog los ntawm cov dav hlau nyob rau hauv dab tsi lens uas muab ib daim duab. Material ua iav los yog yas lo ntsiab muag yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau lub neej. Tom ntej no, peb yuav hais txog iav lo ntsiab muag rau general to taub.

Sib cais ntawm convex thiab concave lo ntsiab muag

Qhov no cais yog nyob rau qhov zoo ntawm lub lens zoo. Yog hais tias lub lens muaj ib tug nruab nrab wider tshaj lub ntug, nws yog hu ua convex. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv tsis tooj - nruab nrab yog thinner tshaj lub ntug hais tias xws li ib tug ntaus ntawv yog hu ua concave. Yuav ua li cas yog tseem ceeb heev? Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hais tias ib tug pob tshab lub cev yog nyob rau hauv zoo li cas ntawm ib puag ncig. Tom qab tag nrho, yog dab tsi lens uas muab cov duab nyob rau hauv lub refractive index nyob rau hauv ob chaw - nyob rau hauv lub lens nws tus kheej thiab nyob rau hauv lub surrounding teeb meem. Tom ntej no peb yuav xav txog xwb lub airspace, txij li thaum lub refractive index ntawm lub lens ntawm lub iav los yog yas yog siab tshaj lub teeb zaub ib puag ncig.

muab khaws tseg lens

Siv ib convex lens thiab dhau therethrough lub teeb flux (thaum uas tig mus kab teeb). Tom qab dhau los ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm qhov chaw khiav yog sau nyob rau hauv ib tug taw tes, vim hais tias cov muab khaws tseg lens yog hu ua.

Yuav kom to taub li cas hauv daim duab muab cov muab khaws tseg lens, thiab lwm yam, nws yog tsim nyog yuav tau nco qab nws yooj yim tsis.

Tseem ceeb tsis kom to taub lub zog ntawm cov iav cev

Yog hais tias lub lens yog bounded los ntawm ob kheej kheej chaw, nws tau, ntawm chav kawm, muaj ib tug tej yam voos kheej-kheej. Cov radii ntawm curvature yog hu ua tus voos kheej-kheej, uas ntev los ntawm cov chaw zov me nyuam ntawm cov spheres. Ib tug ncaj kab uas txuas ob tug me nyuam, hu ua tus kho qhov muag axis. Nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias lens yog tus taw tes uas los ntawm lub beam kis tsis muaj hloov los ntawm nws cov yav dhau los coj. Nws yog hu ua tus kho qhov muag qhov chaw ntawm lub lens. Los ntawm no center, perpendicular mus rau lub dav hlau muaj peev xwm yuav ua perpendicular mus rau tus kho qhov muag axis. Nws yog hu ua lub ntsiab dav hlau ntawm lub lens. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib tug taw tes, uas yog hu ua lub ntsiab kom pom tseeb - ib qho chaw qhov twg sib sau ua ke rays tom qab dhau los ntawm lub iav cev. Thaum cov tshuaj ntsuam qhov teeb meem, uas muab ib tug duab khaws lens, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tau nco ntsoov hais tias nws cov kom pom tseeb yog nyob rau hauv rov qab sab ntawm lub nkag teb chaws ntawm lub teeb. Nyob rau hauv lub diverging lens tsom xam yog xav txog tej yam.

Yuav ua li cas muab cov duab ntawm tus kwv muab khaws tseg lens

Nws nyob rau ntawm yuav ua li cas nyob deb deb tus kwv yog nyob txheeb ze mus rau lub lens. Yuav muaj tsis muaj tiag tiag cov duab, yog tias koj tso ib tug kwv ntawm lub lens thiab cov focal point ntawm lub lens nws tus kheej.

Cov duab tau xav txog tej yam, ncaj, thiab tshuam ntau zog. Lub qhov kawg Piv txwv txog tej duab - ib tug magnifying khob.

Yog hais tias koj tso khoom qab lub kom pom tseeb, ces muaj ob tug possibilities, tab sis nyob rau hauv ob leeg, cov duab yuav feem ntau yuav inverted thiab siv tau. Qhov txawv tsuas nyob rau hauv loj. Yog hais tias koj tso khoom ntawm tus tsom xam thiab dual kom pom tseeb, cov duab loj. Yog hais tias qhov chaw ntawm lub dual kom pom tseeb, nws yuav raug muab txo.

Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub tej zaum nws yuav tshwm sim hais tias tsis muaj duab yog tau txais. Raws li pom los ntawm cov saum toj no daim duab, yog tias xo kawm cia li tsom ntawm lub lens nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, cov kab uas nws tshuam muab lub sab sauv point khoom yog mus tib seem. Raws li, nyob rau cov kev tshuam yuav tsis muab suav hais tias, vim hais tias cov duab yuav tig tawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv infinity. Tsis tas li ntawd nthuav yog cov ntaub ntawv thaum muaj ib tug kwv yog muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub dual kom pom tseeb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, daim duab yog upside-down, tiag tiag, tab sis qhov luaj li cas tib yam rau cov thawj kawm.

Nuj nqis muab lens xwm schematically raws li ib tug ya nrog sub rau hauv lub xaus hais outwards.

diverging lens

Txawj, cov concave lens yog diverging. Nws txawv nyob rau hauv uas nws muab ib tug virtual duab. Rays ntawm lub teeb tom qab dhau tawg nyob rau hauv txawv kev qhia, vim hais tias yog tsis muaj tiag duab. Cov lus teb rau lo lus nug zoo li cas ntawm cov duab muab ib tug tsis zoo lens, yeej tib yam nkaus. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, cov duab yuav tsis tau upside-down, uas yog ncaj qha, nws yog xav txog tej yam thiab txo.

Nuj nqis muab lens xwm schematically raws li ib tug ya nrog sub rau hauv lub xaus uas lub ntsej muag inwardly.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub ntsiab cai ntawm imaging

Cov kauj ruam rau lub tsev ib tug collective lens ob peb tug. Cov kev kawm uas nws cov duab yog yuav tsum tau ua, muaj ib tug kab los sib ntsib. Los ntawm nws yog tsim nyog los siv ob txog hlua: ib - los ntawm tus kho qhov muag qhov chaw ntawm lub lens, cov lwm yam - thaum uas tig mus kho qhov muag axis mus rau lub lens, thiab ces los ntawm qhov kev tsom xam. Cov kev tshuam ntawm cov kab yuav muab lub sab saum toj ntawm daim duab. Tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau ntau tshaj - yog mus cuag ib tug optical axis, thiab tus taw tes thaum uas tig mus rau tus thawj yam khoom. Nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas tus kwv yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej kom pom tseeb ntawm lub lens, cov duab no yog xav txog tej yam, thiab yuav nyob rau hauv tib lub sab thaum cov kev kawm.

Peb nco ntsoov dab tsi cov duab muab ib tug diverging lens, rau kev ntsuam rau concave lo ntsiab muag nyob rau hauv tib lub ntsiab cai, tab sis nrog ib tug sib txawv. Kom pom tseeb lens uas yog siv rau lub tsev, nyob rau tib ib sab thaum cov kwv, cov duab uas koj xav kom lawv muaj.

tshawb pom

Yuav kom saib lub ntsab lug saum toj no-hais cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub zoo li cas ntawm lens uas muab cov duab. Kom meej meej, qhov lens yuav zoom nyob rau hauv thiab tawm, tab sis cov lus nug yog mus rau lwm yam.

Lo lus nug naj npawb ib: Yuav ua li cas lens muab ib tug tiag tiag duab? Cov lus teb - tsuas yog lub collective. Hais tias collective concave lens yuav muab ib tug tiag tiag duab.

Lo lus nug tooj ob: Yuav ua li cas lens muab ib tug virtual duab? Teb - scattering, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, thaum cov kwv yog nruab nrab ntawm cov kom pom tseeb thiab cov lens - ib tug collective.