Av npaj - yog ... Qhov kev npaj txawv los ntawm hauv daim ntawv qhia?

Geography yam lus thib ob - cartographic duab. Maps tau siv twb yog los ntawm ancient mariners. Thaum npaj tus ntoj ke mus soj ntsuam sau tag nrho cov muaj nyob rau cartographic ntaub ntawv mus rau lub kev kawm cheeb tsam. Thaum xaus ntawm cov kev tshwm sim tau kis rau tus ntawv. Yog li twb tsim lub hom phiaj cheeb tsam. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus rau txoj kev kom tshiab maps. Yuav ua li cas yog lub hom phiaj rau lub cheeb tsam thiab dab tsi yog nws muaj siv txawv ntawm thaj maps?

Yuav ua li cas yog lub hom phiaj rau lub cheeb tsam?

Cov thawj heev card nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej yog lub hom phiaj. Lawv tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov teb ntawm science thiab technology yog tsis muaj lawv yuav tsis ua nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, ua liaj ua teb, engineering kev tshawb fawb, thiab lwm yam ...

av npaj - ib tug loj-scale duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb deg hauv cheeb tsam, uas yog siv thaum uas tsim lub cim. Raws li txoj cai, cov ntaub ntawv tso ua ke cartographic dluab rau chaw me me nrog rau ib cheeb tsam ntawm ob peb square kilometers. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub curvature ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto tsis cuam tshuam rau cov duab.

Lub hom phiaj raws ntawm hauv daim ntawv qhia?

Feem ntau nyob rau hauv peb lub neej peb sib ntsib thiab daim ntawv qhia thiab qhov chaw npaj khomob. Geography raws li ib tug science yog raws li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia daim duab. Tab sis qhov no yog tsis tau tib yam tshaj plaws.

Thaum tsim tau ib tug geographic daim ntawv qhia siv ib tug me me scale (ie, npog ib tug loj cheeb tsam) yog muab rau tus account qhov xwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto, piv txwv li siv zauv cai qauv - projection. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj lub caij maps - degree mesh: nws yog tsim nyog los mus txiav txim cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov compass. Lub parallels thiab meridians yog feem ntau uas muaj tuaj raws li arcs es ncaj. Kuas cov raug tsuas tseem ceeb loj yam khoom. Rau lawv npaj siv ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, xws li maps ntawm loj scale, satellite dluab.

av npaj - ib tug ntau ncauj lus kom ntxaws daim duab ntawm ib tug me me seem ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog lub tsev tsis xaiv lub projection, txij li thaum los ntawm virtue ntawm qhov luaj li cas ntawm tus nto feem yog xav tau tiaj tus. Sab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog txiav txim los ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm lub hom phiaj lub moj khaum. Muab yuav tsum tau kiag li tag nrho cov ntsiab ntawm cov struts. Compose lawv nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm loj-scale aerial los yog av.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub hom phiaj?

Yuav pib, xaiv ib tug taw tes nyob rau hauv lub site, uas yog kom meej meej pom tag nrho cov kev kawm kuas. Tom qab ntawd, koj yuav tsum xaiv lub scale ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej txoj kev npaj. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej - los mus txiav txim cov kev taw qhia rau sab qaum teb. Qhov no yuav ua tau nrog kev pab los ntawm lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib thiab planchette-tes compass. Rau ntawm daim ntawv, koj yuav tsum qhia hais tias tus taw tes rau uas yuav tsum tau muaj shooting qhov chaw, thiab ces kos tag nrho cov loj landmarks (ntawm cov ces kaum vaj tse, loj ntoo, ncej).

Tom qab ntawd, tshwj xeeb high-precision seev yog measured azimuths rau txhua kis, uas yuav tsum tau reflected nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj. Txhua lub sij hawm azimuths tso los ntawm tus thawj endpoint, thiab ib tug pab kab yog twv los ntawm nws, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub kaum sab xis yog muab sau. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub ntsiab rau lub Desired cov ntsiab lus cheeb tsam kuj yog ntsuas thiab pauv mus rau daim ntawv.

Ces, nyob rau hauv cov pa tej yam tshwm sim tej yam khoom tso tawm kom pom zajlus, ua tus tsim nyog tau tus kos npe.

Nplai site txoj kev npaj

Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm lub daim ntawv daim duab txoj kev npaj tseem unchanged nws scale. Nplai yog ntawm peb hom:

• Txog zauv.
• Npe.
• Tawm.

Nws yog qhia raws li ib tug hais txog zauv feem uas nws numerator yog 1 thiab denominator - M. Qhov no yog lub xov tooj M qhia cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm zooming nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm loj. Topographical npaj muaj ib tug scale of 1: 500, 1: 1000, 1: 2000, 1: 5000. Rau av tswj kev ua ub no tseem siv me me thiab teev cov kev npaj - 1:10 000, 1:25 000, 1:50 000 Me scale yog ib tug uas muaj ntau M tooj, thiab vice versa.

Nrog ib tug muaj npe teev yooj yim dua - no qhov ntev ntawm cov kab yog qhia ua lus hais. Piv txwv li, ib tug 1 cm - 50 meters. Qhov no txhais tau tias 1 cm deb rau lub dav hlau sau raws nkaus Ii 50 m nyob rau hauv lub hauv av.

Lub scale ntawm lub linear hom - teeb xwm raws li ib tug ncaj kab, uas yog muab faib mus rau hauv sib npaug zos qhov chaw. Txhua daim suamnpe rau los ntawm hais txog zauv nqi commensurate nrog qhov ntev ntawm lub cheeb tsam.

Cim cheeb tsam txoj kev npaj

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tso saib nyob rau hauv topographic txoj kev npaj tej khoom los yog dab qhia lawv ib qho tseem ceeb qhov zoo los yog ntau qhov tseem ceeb, nws yog tsim nyog los siv pa tej yam tshwm sim los yog cov cim. Lawv muab ib tug ua tiav daim duab ntawm lub spatial arrangement ntawm cov khoom, raws li zoo raws li lawv tus yam ntxwv thiab tsos.

Muaj plaub hom cim:

• Nplai - linear thiab cheeb tsam (e.g., cheeb tsam lub xeev, txoj kev, cov txuas hniav).
• Scaleless (ib tug zoo, ib tug caij nplooj ntoos hlav, ib tug ncej, ib tug pej thuam thiab t. D.).
• Explanatory (kos npe yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom, xws li txoj kev dav, lub npe ntawm kev kawm).

Nyob rau hauv cov lus dab neeg lub hom phiaj tag nrho reflected. Raws li cov legends ua li cov thawj lub tswv yim ntawm lub site.

Yog li ntawd, lub hom phiaj cheeb tsam - ib tug cartographic duab ntawm ib tug me me seem ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto rau ib tug loj scale. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov spheres ntawm tib neeg kev ua si. Yog tsis muaj nws, nws yuav tsis yooj yim sua kom tsim topographic maps.