Butyl cawv

Butanol - yog lub npe Hmoob uas yog ib lub monovalent alcohols. Yuav kom nws siv systematic lub npe - 1-butanol, raws li zoo raws li lwm leej lwm tus - n-butanol (qub butanol) los yog butyl haus dej cawv. Nyob rau hauv no thawj cawv molecule muaj plaub carbon atoms, kev cob cog rua rau txhua lwm yam, thiab cov hydroxyl pab pawg neeg ntau xyoo ib hydrogen atom ntawm cov thawj tshuaj mis C. - C4H9OH, muaj kuab - CH3 (CH2) 3OH, empirical - C4H10O.

Hniav puas loj ntawm n-butanol sib npaug zos rau 74,1 g / tus nas. Nyob rau hauv lub qub xeev, nws yog ib tug ua kua nrog ib tug ntom ntawm 0,81 g / cm³. Melting point C4H9OH - rho tawm 90,2 ° C, boiling kub - ntxiv 117,4 ° C. Lub refractive index ntawm qhov kev ntshiab tshuaj sau raws nkaus Ii 1.399. Autoignites 1-butanol ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 345 ° C yuav tawg ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 34 ° C.

Butyl cawv yog ib tug linear hydrocarbon qauv nyob rau hauv uas ib tug hydrogen atom ntawm cov huab C atoms pawg los ntawm ib tug hydroxyl pab pawg neeg. Nws muaj peb isomers muaj lub systematic lub npe:

• 2-methyl-1-propanol - branched saw hydrocarbon nrog ib tug methyl pab pawg neeg ntawm lub thib ob thiab cov hydroxyl pab pawg neeg ntawm cov thawj carbon atom;
• 2-butanol - linear hydrocarbon qauv muaj ib tug hydroxyl pab pawg neeg ntawm lub thib ob carbon atom;
• 2-methyl-2-propanol - hydrocarbon branched qauv nrog ib tug methyl thiab ib tug hydroxyl pab pawg neeg ntawm lub thib ob carbon atom.

Tsis tseem ceeb lub npe rau cov tib yam nyob rau hauv tib theem zuj zus: iso-butanol (cawv isobutyl), sec-butanol thiab tert-butanol.

Molecules butanol isomers txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv, li cas los xij, tag nrho plaub tshuaj nrog tus mis C4H9OH muaj ntau melting ntsiab lus, boiling point thiab lwm yam ntxwv. Yog li, piv txwv li, butyl thiab isobutyl alcohols tau tas solubility, whereas ob tug lwm isomers yog kiag li miscible nrog dej. Qhov no yog vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov tag nrho cov alcohols (CnH2n + 1OH) lub hydroxyl pab pawg neeg yog rau cov polarity, uas muaj txhawb rau kom cov dej solubility. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule complicates no. Yog hais tias thawj alcohols xws li methanol, ethanol thiab propanol yog kiag li miscible nrog dej, ces n-butanol - mob pesnrab.

Tert-butyl cawv (txwv tsis pub 2-methyl-2-propanol los yog tert-butanol) - yog qhov nyuaj tertiary haus dej cawv. Nws yog ib tug ntshiab kua (los yog tsis muaj kob khoom). Qhov no haus dej haus cawv yog ib co soluble nyob rau hauv dej, tov nrog diethyl ether thiab ethanol. Nws yog tshwj xeeb ntawm cov isomers ntawm butanol, vim hais tias nws muaj peev xwm yuav kho ntawm chav tsev kub thiab qhuav nyob rau hauv kub me ntsis saum toj no 25 ° C. Tert-butanol yog ib tug byproduct nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm isobutane nrog propylene oxide. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm catalytic co ntawm isobutylene.

Zoo li ntau lwm alcohols, butyl cawv yog teeb meem substance. Txawm li cas los, nws pom ib tug tsis tshua muaj qib ntawm tshuaj muaj taug ntawm laboratory tsiaj, yog li ntawd txog ib tug txaus muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab tshuaj siv nyob rau hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce. Txawm li cas los, tau txais nws los ntawm daim tawv nqaij mus rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yuav ua rau central lub paj hlwb kev nyuaj siab. cawv Tiv tauj nrog ob lub qhov muag ua rau mob loj heev voos rau lawv, tau txais nws nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij - ib tug loj tsawv. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, butanol yog sai metabolized los carbon dioxide. Lub hom txaus ntshai tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm heev raug rau cov pa. Loj lom tej zaum yuav tsim kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system thiab yuav ua rau tuag taus.

Lub sij hawm "kev haus dej haus cawv" feem ntau ua ntawv thov kom ethanol, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm kuj yuav ntaus nqi mus rau lwm tus ntsuj plig. Piv txwv li, thaum butanol yog xam raws li ib feem ntawm lub cev muaj zog roj. Nws ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug ntau dua efficiency tshaj ethanol, raws li lub zog uas yog generated los ntawm combustion ntawm lub tib lub npaum li cas ntawm cov roj ntawm C4H9OH siab tshaj C2H5OH. Butanol tej zaum yuav siv tau raws li ib tug additive rau diesel roj, li no kom txhob muaj tus muaj hmoov quav ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub tso roj cua.

Butyl cawv yog tsuas yog siv raws li ib tug hnyav los yog koom haum pab khoom rau cov tshuaj synthesis, raws li zoo raws li cov roj. Raws li cov kuab siv nyob rau hauv lub textile thiab tshuaj industries. Nws tseem yog ib feem ntawm hydraulic thiab nres kua, los yog, txawm hais tias nws alcoholic aroma, lub hauv paus rau lub naj hoom.