Byzantine style nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm Russia

Cov keeb kwm thiab kev cai lij choj ntawm Byzantium tsis tuaj yeem ua dua. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub Byzantine cuab yeej cuab tam muaj peev xwm pom ob qho nyob rau hauv sab ntsuj plig thiab cov khoom spheres ntawm lub neej. Kev koom tes ntawm kev coj noj coj ua tau dhau los ntawm ntau theem, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai niaj hnub thiab kev kos duab muaj cov cim qhia ntawm kev cuam tshuam. Hauv ntiaj teb kev paub, Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai tau los ua ib tus neeg tseem ua tau zoo thiab ua tiav ntawm kab lig kev cai thiab sab ntsuj plig ntawm Byzantium.

Lub hauv paus ntawm Byzantine style

Txoj kev tsoo ntawm Roman Empire hauv 395 coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib lub tebchaws tshiab, tom qab ntawd hu ua Byzantium. Nws yog ib txoj cai uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab lig kev cai, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev txawj ntse. Byzantine style tshwm sim raws li ib qho ntawm cov concentration ntawm cov qauv kev tsim kho tam sim no. Cov architects ntawm lub xeev tshiab tam sim ntawd tau tsim lawv tus kheej txoj hauj lwm ntawm kev hla Roman kev ua tau zoo. Yog li ntawd, ua kom txhua tus zoo tshaj plaws uas tau tsim los ntawm Loos thiab Greeks, tsim tau tus thawj coj tshiab, txais kev sib tw ntawm lub sij hawm thiab nrhiav kev tsim kho thiab cov tswv yim tshiab.

Kev tsim ntawm Byzantine cov kab lis kev cai tshwm sim tsis yog ntawm kev luam thiab kev txhim kho ntawm Greco-Roman kev paub dhau los, tab sis vim yog lub zog ntawm sab hnub tuaj, uas tau txais kev pom zoo hauv kev nrhiav cov khoom kim heev, nplai, thiab decorum.

Nyob rau hauv kev txuas nrog lub fact tias ceg ntoo ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv yog nyob hauv Constantinople, lub teb chaws xav tau cov tuam tsev tshiab. Rau lub tswv yim tshiab, koj tseem xav tau koj tus kheej entourage. Cov haujlwm no yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov neeg zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb uas tau pab rau Constantinople thiab tsim tej yam haujlwm uas ua rau kev ntseeg, kev cai, lub xeev thiab cov vaj tse tshiab.

Ntais ntawm Byzantine style

Tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Constantinople tau los daws ob peb yam teeb meem uas tseem ceeb, uas tau tshwm sim hauv lub tuam tsev architecture. Lub cathedral hauv Orthodoxy tau ua ib lub tswv yim tsis tau rau tus saib pom nrog nws cov nplua thiab splendor, lub tuam tsev nrog txuam nrog Vajtswv lub Kingdom thiab yog li ntawd tus architects yuav tsum tau txhais tau tseeb tshiab, uas lawv tshawb nrhiav. Raws li lub hauv paus rau kev npaj ntawm Byzantine pawg ntseeg, nws tsis yog Greek cathedral, tab sis Roman basilica. Cov phab ntsa ntawm cov cathedrals tau tsa los ntawm ib lub cib uas loj sib txuas ntawm ib tus ciam av nplaum. Qhov no coj mus tsim ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm Byzantine cov tuam tsev - txojkev ntawm cov tuam tsev nrog ib lub cib los yog pob zeb ntawm qhov tsaus thiab lub teeb xim. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub façade feem ntau muab tso rau ntawm cov kab uas muaj pob tawb.

Tus Byzantine style yog txuam nrog tus ntoo khaub lig-domed hom ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Tus kws kho vajtse tau txais kev pom zoo kom yooj yim mus koom nrog lub dome thiab lub hauv paus square, yog li ntawd muaj "lub nkoj" uas tsim lub siab ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. Nqaim qhov rais nrog cov npoo sib npaug, muab ob lossis peb sab ntawm sab, yog ib qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Byzantine cov tuam tsev.

Kev ua vaj tse lwm cov tsev yeej ib txwm txaj muag dua qhov kho kom zoo sab hauv - qhov no yog lwm qhov ntawm Byzantine cov tuam tsev. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim sab hauv yog ua kom rov zoo siab, muaj nyiaj txiag thiab muaj lub siab, lawv siv kim heev, cov ntaub ntawv zoo uas ua rau cov neeg muaj kev xav zoo.

Tus ntawm Byzantium nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua medieval architecture

Nyob hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog ntawm Byzantium tawm mus rau txhua lub tebchaws, nws yog nom tswv, nyiaj txiag thiab sab ntsuj plig. Byzantine style nyob rau hauv cov architecture ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab muab pov thawj los ua ib qho chaw tsim muaj kev lag luam tshiab. Ltalis coj ib qho kev ntsuas ntau dua ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Byzantine architecture: ib hom tshiab ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab cov txheej txheem mosaic. Yog li, cov tuam tsev medieval hauv Ravenna, ntawm cov kob ntawm Torcello, hauv Palermo tau los ua cov cim ntawm no Byzantine cawv.

Tom qab ntawd, tiam sis nws kis mus rau lwm lub teb chaws. Yog li, lub cathedral nyob Aachen hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm Byzantine lub zog los ntawm lub txiaj ntsim ntawm Italian masters. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Byzantium muaj nyob rau cov teb chaws uas tau txais Orthodoxy: Bulgaria, Serbia, Armenia thiab Ancient Rus. Ntawm no yog ib qho kev sib tham txog kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev sib pauv, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov tshiab ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tsev.

Tus ntawm Byzantium rau ntawm architecture ntawm Ancient Rus

Sawv daws yeej paub zaj dab neeg txog yuav ua li cas lub Lavxias teb sab delegation mus xyuas Rome thiab Constantinople nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib tug haum kev ntseeg xav tsis thoob los ntawm cov kev zoo nkauj ntawm Hagia Sophia, thiab hais tias txiav txim siab lub sij hawm ntawm rooj plaub. Los ntawm lub sij hawm no, ib tug haib hloov ntawm kab lig kev cai, ntawv, rituals mus rau Lavxias teb sab av pib. Ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv txoj kev no yog lub tuam tsev architecture, uas yog nquag txhim kho hauv ib daim ntawv tshiab. Lub Byzantine style nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub tuam tsev tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias tag nrho cov pawg ntawm craftsmen tuaj rau Ancient Rus tsim cathedrals, kev txawj hloov thiab tsim ib lub ntsej muag tshiab ntawm lub teb chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus neeg tuaj yeem mus xyuas Constantinople, kawm txog kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm kev tsim kho.

Russian masters, pib nrog lub xyoo pua 10, tsis tsuas yog txais yuav tus Byzantine traditions, tab sis kuj enrich lawv, supplementing nrog daws thiab cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog rau lub zos pawg ntseeg. Cov kab lig kev cai hauv Byzantine hauv Lavxias teb chaws yog cov tsob ntoo loj ntxiv thiab cov qhov chaw loj dua. Los tsim cov vaj tse hauv tus qauv tshiab, kev ua cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau tshwm sim: kev ua cib ua, tswb casting, icon painting, tag nrho cov no muaj Byzantine cov hauv paus hniav, tab sis kev ua tiav los ntawm Lavxias teb sab masters hauv lub siab ntawm lub teb chaws kos duab. Yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua yog Sophia Cathedral ntawm lub Txawj Ntse ntawm Vajtswv hauv Kiev, qhov twg peb-Nave Byzantine daim ntawv ua tsib-nave thiab yog tseem ua li ntawm cov qhov, thiab tsib tshooj yog supplemented los ntawm 12 ntau glazes.

Byzantine qauv ntawm lub tuam tsev

Lub Byzantine style hauv architecture, cov nta uas peb xav txog, yog raws li lub teeb duab ntawm lub tuam tsev. Nws cov nta tau yug los ntawm kev xav tau kev pabcuam: qhov nce hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub tuam tsev, ib qho yooj yim kev txuas ntawm lub dome thiab lub hauv paus, lub teeb pom kev zoo txaus. Tag nrho cov no tau tsim los ntawm kev tsim tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv, uas tom qab hloov tag nrho lub tuam tsev architecture ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Cov kab ke Byzantine cov tuam tsev muaj ib lub voj voog lossis ib qho chaw hauv qab, ib tug qauv ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig. Rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem dab tsi apses thiab lub qhov. Qhov nce hauv ntim coj mus rau cov tsos ntawm cov ncej ntxiv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kab, lawv faib cov cathedral rau peb naves. Feem ntau cov chav kawm hauv lub tuam tsev tau muaj ib tshooj, ntau zaus tsawg dua 5. Lub qhov rais nrog ib qho qhib kev sib koom tau koom ua ke ntawm 2-3 nyob hauv ib qho koog.

Ntais ntawm Byzantine style nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture architecture

Thawj kev tsim ntawm cov pawg ntseeg tshiab pawg ntseeg yog raws li kev cai dab qhuas Lavxias teb sab, cov Greeks tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lawv, raws li lawv tau ua lawv cov pawg ntseeg tawm ntawm pobzeb thiab pob zeb. Yog li ntawd, thawj thawj zaug yog ib qho kev sib txuas lus, uas tau nquag nkag qhia rau hauv cov qauv kho vaj tse. Thawj lub tsev teev ntuj pob zeb nyob hauv Lavxias pom nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua qhia 9 thiab muaj ib tug qauv ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig. Txog rau hnub no, lub tuam tsev tsis nyob, yog li ntawd nws tsis muaj peev xwm los tham txog nws cov ntsiab lus. Rau cov tuam tsev hauv Lavxias, qhov ntim yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, yog li thawj tus neeg ua haujlwm raug yuam kom daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm lub tuam tsev, ua tiav cov naves ntxiv thiab qhov chaw.

Niaj hnub no Byzantine style nyob rau hauv Russia, tus yees duab ntawm uas tau pom nyob rau hauv ntau phau ntawv qhia, yog sawv cev los ntawm ob peb lub hauv paus loj. Cov no yog cov vaj tse nyob rau hauv Kiev thiab Chernigov, Novgorod cheeb tsam, Pechery, Vladimir, Pskov cheeb tsam. Muaj ntau ntau lub koom txoos tsom kwm ntawm no uas muaj cuab kev Byzantine nta, tab sis muaj kev ywj pheej yoog nrog cov qauv vaj tsev tshwj xeeb. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws muaj xws li Saint Sophia Cathedral nyob rau hauv Novgorod Hloov Hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov, Nereditsa Koom Txoos, Trinity Koom Txoos nyob rau hauv Pechersk monastery.

Byzantine style hauv European architecture

Lub xeev ntawm Byzantium, uas tau ua rau ntau tshaj li 10 tawm xyoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem tawm hauv nws cov keeb kwm ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv cov architecture ntawm teb chaws Europe thiab hnub no koj yuav pom qhov pom nta ntawm cov Byzantine cuab yeej cuab tam. Lub sijhawm ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab yog cov neeg nplua nuj feem ntau qhov kev qiv nyiaj thiab kev ua tiav, thaum cov neeg tsim khoom siv lub tswv yim ntawm lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab tsim cov tuam tsev, piv txwv li, hauv Ltalis, uas yog qhov feem ntau raug rau Byzantine kev cuam tshuam. Lub zog ntawm Venetian tseem ceeb yog muab los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas tuaj ntawm Byzantium, thiab ntau cov artifacts coj tuaj rau ntawm no tom qab qhov qaug dab peg ntawm Constantinople. Txawm tias Cathedral ntawm San Marco hauv Venice muaj ntau Byzantine motifs thiab khoom.

Tsis muaj tsawg ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm ua si los ntawm Byzantine architecture thiab cov Renaissance. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub teb chaws no, tau muaj ntau thoob plaws. Cov nta ntawm Byzantine pawg ntseeg tuaj yeem pom tsis yog hauv cov tuam tsev ntseeg xwb, tab sis kuj nyob hauv cov tsev kawm. Architects ntawm Brunelleschi rau Bramante thiab Andrea Palladio. Lub ntsiab thiab cov ntsiab lus tsim ntawm Byzantines nyob rau hauv xws li lub tsev xws li Cathedrals ntawm St. Peter nyob rau hauv Rome, St. Paul nyob rau hauv London, thiab Pantheon nyob rau hauv Paris yog kom meej meej pom.

Byzantine style nyob rau hauv European architecture xws li tsis tsim, yog tias koj tsis noj rau hauv lub teb chaws Orthodox lub teb chaws, tab sis lub ntsiab lus ntawm no system ntawm architecture yog pom deb li deb, lawv rethought, modernized, tab sis yog lub hauv paus uas lub architecture ntawm teb chaws Europe hlob. Byzantium tau rais los ua qhov chaw ntawm kev txuag qub kev cai, uas rov qab los rau Tebchaws Europe thiab pib pom nws raws li lawv keeb kwm keeb kwm.

Tsim tawm ntawm Lavxias-Byzantine style

Byzantine style nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture yog tsim los ntawm ib-paus xyoo ntawm rethinking thiab reworking lub tswv yim ntawm architects los ntawm Constantinople. Qhov style no yog tsim, uas cov sab hnub tuaj thiab Lavxias teb sab tswv yim sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib npaug sib npaug zos, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Nws yog ces hais tias lub flowering ntawm architecture pib, nyob rau hauv uas lub achievements ntawm Byzantine architects yog creatively revised, supplemented thiab rov thov. Yog li ntawd, lub Byzantine style nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv tsis yog ib tug luam ntawm cov ua tiav ntawm Constantinople, tab sis cov creation ntawm vaj tse "on motives", nrog ib tug loj menyuamuas ntawm Lavxias teb sab tswv yim zoo.

Lub sijhawm ua tiav ntawm Byzantine style hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture

Dab tsi yog xa mus rau hauv txoj kev xav ntawm architecture li "tus Byzantine style" yog tsim nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Nws cov ideologist thiab propagandist yog tus vajtse KA tuj. Harbingers ntawm style tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, lawv yog pom nyob rau hauv vaj tse xws li cov tsev teev ntuj ntawm Siv Ib Feem Kaum nyob rau hauv Kiev, Aleksandra Nevskogo lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Potsdam.

Tab sis thawj lub sij hawm ntawm style tsim ntog rau lub 40s thiab 50s, nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom nyob rau hauv cov lug ntawm AV Gornostaev thiab D. Grimm. Qhov thib ob yog xyoo 1960s, thaum nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov tseem ceeb eclecticism, lug ua siab tawv sib tov lub Byzantine thiab Lavxias teb sab nta raug tsim. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub style yog pom tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov vaj tse ntawm GG Gagarin, VA Kosyakov thiab EA Borisov.

70-90s yog lub sij hawm ntawm complexity ntawm cov style, lub architects yog striving rau ntau dua decorating, qhia ntau yam hauv lawv vaj tse. Thaum pib ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tus Byzantine style nyob rau hauv Russia pib mus kho ntau thiab ntau freely, combining nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm ib tug up-tuaj niaj hnub nrog lwm tus yeej. Nyob rau hauv 90 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th ib pseudo-Byzantine style tshwm, uas thaum txheej khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog pom, tab sis cov qauv nta yog guessed.

Thiaj xav ntawm Byzantine style nyob rau sab hauv

Cov style ntawm Constantinople yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub dai kom zoo ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub tuam tsev. Interiors nyob rau hauv lub Byzantine style yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm nplua nuj decorations, kev siv cov khoom kim heev: kub, bronze, silver, kim pob zeb, precious ntoo. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv hauv cov qauv no yog mosaics ntawm phab ntsa thiab hauv av.

Reflections ntawm Byzantine style hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19

Lub sijhawm tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv architecture, raws li kev coj ntawm Constantinople, ntog nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm Byzantine style nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm St. Petersburg ua tus thawj coj. Lub Koom Txoos Blessed Icon ntawm Niam Leej Txiv nyob hauv Galernaya harbor (Kosyakova thiab Prussak), Greek lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Dmitry Solunsky (RI Kuzmin), lub tsev Trading Stol thiab Schmitt (V. Schreter) yog cov yam ntxwv tseeb ntawm cov lus sau hauv cov qauv no. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, nws yog, ntawm chav kawm, ua tau Tuj: Yexus tus Cawm Seej Cathedral, cov neeg pej xeem Kremlin Palace.

Byzantine motifs nyob rau hauv cov architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th

Lub sij hawm tom qab Soviet nrog nws txoj kev rov qab los ntawm Orthodoxy coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias Byzantine style nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm Russia dua ib zaug tseem ceeb. Muaj cov vaj tse nyob rau hauv Lavxias-Byzantine style hauv ntau lub nroog ntawm Russia. Ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb yog lub Koom Txoos ntawm Ntshav los ntawm Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg hauv Lub Tebchaws ntawm Cov Neeg Yudais Cov Hluas uas Sib Tsoo hauv Yekaterinburg ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm K. Efremov.

Thaum dhau ntawm 20th thiab 21st centuries, tus thiaj li hu ua "thib ob Lavxias teb sab-Byzantine style" yog tawm, uas tshwm hauv cov tuam tsev tshiab. Nws tuaj yeem muaj cov cathedrals ua lub Panteleimonovsky Tuam Tsev hauv Izhevsk, lub Koom Txoos ntawm Nativity ntawm Tswv Yexus nyob rau hauv Omsk, lub Koom Txoos ntawm Nativity ntawm Tswv Yexus nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab ntau cov vaj tse nyob rau hauv txhua qhov ntawm lub teb chaws. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov tswv yim ntawm Byzantium tob tob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev coj noj coj ua thiab niaj hnub nim no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws.

Niaj hnub vaj tse nyob rau hauv Byzantine style

Niaj hnub nimno architects, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev architecture, rov ua dua qub rau cov kev cai ntawm Constantinople raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev daws teeb meem. Lawv, tau kawg, tab tom xav, daws nrog kev xav txog cov tshiab technologies, tab sis tus ntsuj plig ntawm Byzantium tau hnov hauv lawv. Ib tug muaj kev ruaj ntseg hais tias hnub no lub Byzantine style yog ciaj sia nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm Russia. Piv txwv ntawm qhov no tuaj yeem nrhiav tau nyob hauv ntau lub nroog hauv lub tebchaws: lub Koom Txoos ntawm lub Ntsuj Plig Myrrh-Bearers nyob hauv St. Petersburg, St. Nicholas Church hauv Nadym, lub Seraphim Church hauv Murom, thiab lwm tus.