Classification ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab. Yuav ua li cas tsis yog siv rau lub kev faib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab

Nyob rau hauv peb computerized xyoo pua ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm haiv neeg yuav siv sij hawm lub tswvyim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Siv nyob rau tam sim no theem ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob tsis rau lub kev faib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab yog heev ntau haiv neeg. Uas yog vim li cas koj yuav nrhiav tau ntau hom nkauj nraug cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv thiab pab pawg. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov kev faib ntawm lub ntiaj teb no cov ntaub ntawv kev pab rau txhua txoj kev ntawm kev sib cais yog zoo tib yam. Qhov txawv tej zaum yuav yog nyob rau hauv ib co zwj ceeb kev thaum tej hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab (IR) yuav raug muab tso rau tej pab pawg neeg nyob subjective thaj av.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab thiab lawv faib (theem pib hom)

Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau lub tswvyim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv kev pab nyob rau hauv lub broadest kev txiav txim zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas, lawv muaj peev xwm yuav yus li ib yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub ntiaj teb no, noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nws dab, cov neeg, tej yam, txheej xwm, tshwm sim, muaj tseeb, thiab hais txog. E., hais txog ntawm daim ntawv ntawm cov kev nthuav qhia, ib tug neeg tau txais thiab ces qhia nyob rau hauv koj lub siab.

Raws li, cov ntaub ntawv kev pab yog xav tau daim ntawv cov ntaub ntawv los yog cov ntaub ntawv coj nyias, uas yog cia nyob rau hauv lub duas paub systems (cov ntaub ntawv cov tsev txhab nyiaj, internet, tsev qiv ntawv, cov me nyuam yaus, archives, mus, thiab lwm yam).

Classification ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab yog nqa tawm nrog rau kev siv ib co yooj yim kev los yog tej yeeb yam uas cia qhia R & D rau ib tug ob peb loj chav kawm ntawv, thiab saum toj no tag nrho, los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm muaj: qhib (public), kaw (uas tsis muaj kev nkag tau mus), cov ntaub ntawv. Tab sis cov no cov txheej xwm rau R & D division ntawm lub theem pib hom tsis yog tas.

Hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab thiab lawv kev faib

Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau ncua embodiment, lub division rau hauv pab pawg yuav tsum nqa tawm kev noj mus rau hauv tus account ntxiv kev. Thawj thiab foremost, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg no hais tias thaum lub tam sim no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg lub tswvyim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, los yog lub npe nruab nrab, yog inextricably txuas nrog cov ntaub ntawv (lub thiaj-hu documentary ntaub ntawv). Nws yog to taub hais tias txhua hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg los yog khaws tseg rau tej hom xov xwm (printing, computer xov xwm, servers, kev sib txuas lus raws, thiab hais txog. D.).

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyias muaj ntaub ntawv xws tsis rau lub kev faib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab raws li lawv cov kev faib mus rau hauv chaw thiab mobile.

Lub ntsiab qhia nyob rau hauv lub cais ntawm R & D

Yog hais tias peb tham txog lub ntsiab lus cob qhia nyob rau hauv lub R & D division rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv raws li ib txhia cov txheej xwm, koj yuav ntsib ib tug ntau ntawm txawv tswv yim.

Txawm li cas los, cov tag nrho cov thaj av uas dlhos ntaub ntawv kev pab, koj yuav xaiv tau yooj yim tshaj plaws:

• creation ntawm qhov chaw;
• rau cov neeg kawm ntawv siv cov ntaub ntawv;
• rau nws npaj lub hom phiaj;
• los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kev nthuav qhia thiab hom ntawm cov cab kuj;
• nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tswv cuab;
• los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov koom haum thiab cia;
• cov ntsiab lus;
• rau lub teb chaws lus thiab hwv los yog thaj hauv paus;
• cov theem ntawm tsis txawj txaus, thiab thiaj li nyob. d.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm tag nrho yog ib kos npe rau ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Qhov no yuav tsum tau tham nyias. Xav txog cov lwm cov seem.

Ntawm cov chaw tsim IR paub qhov txawv thawj thiab. Qhov no muaj xws li cov kev sib cais ntawm kev cai lij choj thiab uas tsis yog-kev cai lij choj (tsis muaj ntaub ntawv) cov ntaub ntawv uas yog tawm ntawm kev tswj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev cai lij choj kev cai.

Lub division yog raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus yuav ua tau rau pej xeem los yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog txwv kev nkag tau mus (piv txwv li, tsoom fwv, nqi hluav taws xob, coj mus muag secrets los yog tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv).

Nyob rau hauv earmarking feem ntau txheeb xyuas cov nram qab no ntaub ntawv kev pab :

• tus kheej;
• neeg;
• ua lag ua luam kev pab;
• rau hauv xov xwm;
• txoj cai;
• kev kawm ntawv;
• kev cai;
• kev pab ntawm cov koom haum thiab cov tsev;
• cov kev pab cuam, thiab cov kev pab cuam;
• kev lom zem;
• kev ua si nawv;
• kev ua si;
• bulletin boards;
• Software thiab xov xwm cia, thiab hais txog. D.

Tam sim no cia saib dab tsi tsis yog siv rau lub kev faib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pab cuam los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kev nthuav qhia.

Feem ntau, qhov no muaj xws li lub tswvyim ntawm nyuaj luam (phau ntawv, ntawv xov xwm, cov phau ntawv Magazine mashinopechatnye cov ntaub ntawv), magnetic thiab hluav taws xob (cov) xov xwm (suab, yees duab, yees duab thiab zaj duab xis, compact disks, tshem nco kiag li lawm, computer hard drives) thiab txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus (xov tooj cua, TV, hauv internet).

Ntawm cov distinguished private tswv cuab (private, neeg), lub xeev thiab zog, tsoom fwv teb chaws, ob leeg (collective), ib lub teb chaws cov khoom muaj nqis.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub koom haum thiab cia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab kev faib yog tej yam rau cov xov xwm (sau thiab digital media), thiab kuj muab rau lub tswvyim ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv, cov me nyuam yaus, archives, databases, daim ntawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cia li ntaub ntawv.

Nrog lub teb chaws-hwv teej tug, kuv xav hais tias, txhua yam yog tseeb, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm tsis txawj txaus ntawm cov division yog ua lub hauv paus ntawm orientation rau lub loj los yog kev siv.

Hom kawm nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm R & D

Nrog kev xav txog R & D chaw, ntawm no muaj peb hom:

• nationals los yog stateless neeg;
• lub koom haum;
• kabmob ntawm lub xeev hwj chim ntawm txhua theem.

Suam ntawm cov ntsiab lus

Xav txog qhov loj tshaj plaws seem ntawm lub IR faib - cov ntsiab lus - raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev faib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab rau tej kev. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws muaj xws li cov nram qab no pawg:

• thematic thiab scientific ntaub ntawv;
• tom qab cov lus qhia;
• advertising;
• xov xwm;
• bibliographic cov ntawv qhia.

Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau hauv cov yam yog dog dig nrug li ib qho piv txwv, lwm division:

• ua lag ua luam ntaub ntawv (economics, nyiaj txiag, lag luam, ua lag ua luam, statistics);
• socio-thoj thiab kev cai lij choj cov lus qhia;
• scientific thiab cov kev qhia;
• neeg thiab lwm yam xov xwm;
• hluav taws xob muas;
• Xam thiab kev sib txuas lus.

Lawm, tej kev faib ntaub ntawv cov kev pab muaj hnub no rau lub tsev ntawm R & D rau tej thaj chaw tej zaum yuav txawv los ntawm lwm tus neeg zoo li nws. Txawm li cas los, thaum lub caij peb xav nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob ntxiv.

Lub ntsiab yam ntawm hluav taws xob ntaub ntawv

Classification ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab (computer ncaj qha mus rau qhov no cov ntsiab lus) nyob rau hauv lub dav dav cov ntaub ntawv rau ob lub ntsiab hom IR kauj hom ntawm kev siv:

• online - ncaj qha nkag tau mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv neeg rau zaub mov ntawm lub network;
• offline - siv cov ntaub ntawv, databases, los yog tawg tsam ntawd nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv luam ntawm thawj cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub neeg rau zaub mov, muab cia rau hauv electronic media.

Nyob rau hauv ib lub siab, lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntaub ntawv faib yog dog dig zoo li qhov kev sib cais ntawm cov ntsiab lus, tab sis nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd muaj yog software lag luam profile:

• coj mus muag software;
• free software (freeware), xws li qhib-qhov chaw cov khoom (GNU GPL daim ntawv tso cai);
• shareware (shareware).

Raws li ib tug ntxiv tas li ntawd, ib txhia qhov chaw qhia cov sector ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab thiab cov kev pab.

Lub tswvyim ntawm hluav taws xob daim ntawv

Ib daim ntawv ntawm no hom nyob rau hauv feem ntau twb paub lawm sau ua ntaub ntawv qhia yog muab nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob daim ntawv no, mus rau lub xaav uas lub hluav taws xob thiab xam systems thiab rau kis tau tus mob - kev sib txuas lus thiab networking cov cuab yeej.

Qhov no hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum muaj tuaj raws li nyias muaj nyias ib cov ntaub ntawv, databases, thiab arrays los yog cia li tshuab. Ntxiv mus, ntawm kev tseem ceeb yog kev cai lij choj nam ntawm lub txhaum cai siv ntawm tej ntaub ntawv, ntawv pov thawj thiab daim ntawv tshuab, raws li zoo raws li kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau txhua theem thiab hom ntawm kev nkag tau.

Classification ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Internet

Ib suam ntawm hluav taws xob ntaub ntawv kev pab yuav tau kiag li tsis tiav yog hais tias tsis nyob tej teeb meem ntawm lub Internet, vim hais tias hnub no lub feem ntau ntawm hluav taws xob cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau ntawd.

Ntawm no yog ib co yooj yim no:

• kev nthuav qhia (web pages, ntaub ntawv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv servers, databases, newsgroups);
• lus thiab hwv paus;
• cov ntsiab lus thiab t. d.

Hom ntawm Internet resources

Hom thiab cais ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm cov kev pab nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm pom tau hais tias nyob rau hauv txaus nthuav dav. Txawm li cas los, koj yuav tau nqa ib co ntxiv rau xws li lub tsev ntawm R & D mus rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv lub tswvyim ntxiv hom online.

Raws li ib tug txoj cai, ntawm cov txheej xwm yog cov nram qab no:

• thiab tej tiav ntawm cov ntsiab lus;
• hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sis raug zoo nrog cov neeg siv (tuav, sib tham sib);
• cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm VR.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov chaw yog kis rau ib tug me me (cos nplooj ntawv nrog cov ntaub ntawv), blogs (tus kheej cov nplooj ntawv), promotional chaw (advertising ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam), hluav taws xob khw muag khoom noj thiab cov kev pab cuam, muab lus qhia qhov chaw nrog ib tug kev lub ntsiab, web portals (loj cov kev pab los yog hauv Internet -soobschestva), neeg ua hauj lwm (automation tuam txhab uas muag), ua lag ua luam tswj systems, kev internet thiab intranet (sab hauv thiab sab nraud network).

Nyob rau hauv lub sis raug zoo nrog tus neeg siv yuav paub qhov txawv cov R & D, raws li cov lus qhia (zines, media, TV, xov tooj cua), daim ntawv thov (online tsev qiv ntawv thiab database cia software nrog lub peev xwm mus download, search engines), qhov ncaj xwb-kev sib txuas lus (kev tes hauj lwm, Internet -soobschestva), kev lom zem (games, suab paj nruag, yeeb yaj duab, kev tso dag thiab thiaj li nyob. d.), coj mus muag (qhov chaw nrog them cov kev pab thiab online khw muag khoom noj), IR kev nthuav qhia advertising.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm VR, qhov no txog kev paub ua rau nws tau qhia R & D rau cov pej xeem (qhib rau tag nrho cov neeg tsis muaj kev zam), intranet (kev nkag txwv rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm tej lub koom haum nyob rau hauv lub intranet), ntxiv-network (yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv Internet, tab sis nkag muaj ib tug tsawg tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg siv ).

Cov ntaub ntawv cov kev pab cuam

Thaum kawg, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias hais txog cov lus qhia cov kev pab cuam. Nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv pawg no emit cov kev pab cuam rau searching thiab ua ntaub ntawv, muab rau daim ntawv thov txhua yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv cia.

Qhov thib ob qho tseem ceeb heev seem yog muab cov kev pab rau cov kev siv ntawm cov Internet, databases thiab AIS, nyob rau kev nkag mus rau hauv Internet los yog tes hauj lwm thiab kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau kev siv ntawm e-mail thiab hosting qhov kev pab (tus tsim ntawm tus kheej nplooj ntawv).

IR tiv thaiv

Thiab, needless hais tias, tej R & D yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv nyob rau theem siab tshaj plaws, thiab nws yog kiag li tsis muaj qhov sib txawv li cas hom lawv zwm rau, thiab tsis hais txog ntawm qhov nruab nrab nyob rau hauv uas lawv khaws cia.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv yuav tsum to taub thiab kev cai lij choj nam (copyright txoj cai, daim ntawv tso cai, ntawv pov thawj), thiab kev pab cuam txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm antivirus software los yog firewall (firewalls - software los yog "hlau"), lub cryptographic cov ntaub ntawv encryption technology los yog kev twb kev txuas thiab thiaj li nyob. .

xaus

Raws li yuav pom los ntawm cov saum toj no, kev faib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab yuav raug nyob rau hauv ib tug heev heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais tias koj noj mus rau hauv tus account lub loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau yam kev uas yuav tau mus thov nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub. Nws mus tsis tau hais tias tej pa sib cais TS rau cov chav kawm nyob rau hauv ntau embodiments tej zaum yuav txawv. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev lawv yog tag nrho cov heev uas zoo sib xws thiab muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv ntau. Thaum kawg, tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawv R & D rau qhov cov no yog zoo txog, thiab muaj muab tsuas yog ib tug me me ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov uas yuav muab suav hais tias, yog tias qhia kom meej tej kev hom IR.