Clastic pob zeb. Hauj lwm thiab kev faib ntawm pob zeb

Nyob rau hauv lub bowels ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog yuav luag tag nrho cov periodic rooj. Tshuaj ntsiab tsim nruab nrab ntawm lawv ib tug compound uas lub ntuj minerals. Ib tug los yog ntau minerals tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Qhov tsab xov xwm yuav sim nrog lawv ntau yam, thiab tus nqi zog.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub pob zeb

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm tau ua ntawv thov peb Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij Severgin nyob rau hauv 1978. Lus Txhais tau muab: pob zeb - qhov no kev twb kev txuas mus rau hauv ib qho ntawm ob peb lawm tab minerals muaj ib tug mus tas qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg. Pob zeb yuav pom qhov txhia chaw, raws li lawv yog ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab.

Yog hais tias koj nyeem cov hauj lwm ntawm pob zeb, lawv yog cov tag nrho sib txawv tej yam tshwm sim:

• Ceev.
• Porosity.
• Xim.
• Zog.
• Muaj zog kuj mus te.
• Hniav qualities.

Nyob rau hauv lub ua ke ntawm qualities lawv siv.

Qhov ntau haiv ntawm pob zeb

Hauv plawv ntawm lub pob zeb rau lwm rau lub ntau hom yog cov tshuaj thiab mineral muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lub npe ntawm lub pob zeb yog muab, nyob ntawm seb lawv cov keeb kwm. Xav txog dab tsi lawv qhia pab pawg neeg. Common kev faib yuav saib hais tias txoj kev.

1. sedimentary pob zeb:

• clastic pob zeb;
• organogenous;
• chemogenic;
• mixed.

2. Magmatic:

• volcanic;
• plutonic;
• hypabyssal.

3. Metamorphic:

• isochemical;
• metasomatic;
• ultrametamorphic.

Tom ntej no, xav txog ib tug ntau ncauj lus kom ntxaws characterization ntawm cov tsiaj.

sedimentary pob zeb

Tej pob zeb, tshwm nyob rau hauv lub sights ntawm ntau yam thiab lwm dab yuav deformed hloov nws zoo lawm. Lawv pib mus ua txhaum down, cov khib nyiab kis, yuav muab tso nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub seas thiab oceans. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim - tus tsim ntawm sedimentary pob zeb.

Cais cov pob zeb ntawm sedimentary keeb kwm yog nyuaj, vim feem ntau ntawm lawv raug tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem, vim li no, tus cwj pwm lawv mus rau ib tug tej pab pawg neeg yog suab tsis yooj yim sua. Tam sim no, qhov no hom ntawm cov pob zeb no tau muab faib mus rau hauv:

• Clastic pob zeb. Piv txwv yuav ua rau sib txawv: tus paub gravel los yog crushed pob zeb, xuab zeb thiab av nplaum, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.
• Organogenous.
• Chemogenic.

Wb tham txog txhua yam tsiaj daim ntawv.

Clastic pob zeb

Lawv tshwm sim vim tus tsim ntawm cov khib nyiab. Yog hais tias peb cais lawv raws li lawv cov qauv, qhov kev tso tawm:

• Cemented pob zeb.
• Unconsolidated.

Tus thawj hom sib txuas ntxiv ntawm ib tug txuas tivthaiv, uas tej zaum yuav sawv cev los ntawm carbonates thiab txais av ya. Qhov thib ob hom tsis muaj cov tshuaj yog li ntawd muaj ib tug xoob qauv.

Koj yuav tau qhia kom meej tias cov clastic pob zeb feem ntau muaj xws li ib co kua nplaum thiab seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Cov muaj xws li cov neeg zoo li ntawm mollusks fwm fossils ntawm tus kav, kab tis.

Feem ntau cov paub clastic pob zeb. Piv txwv paub meej tias qhov no. Los ntawm detrital yog zoo kawg xuab zeb thiab av nplaum, crushed pob zeb thiab gravel, raws li zoo raws li ntau lwm tus neeg. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog lug siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam.

txaj ntawm pob zeb

Qhov no pab pawg neeg yog cov khoom ntawm tshuaj tshua. Ntaus nqi mus rau nws tej zaum yuav ntsev, xws li poov tshuaj thiab bauxite. Tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev ua no hom ntawm ib yam tsiaj tej zaum yuav mus nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev:

1. Gradual concentration ntawm tus txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem. Nws yog tsis cais no thiab cov nyhuv ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hnub.
2. Compound ntau ntsev ntawm ib tug txo kub.

Tus qauv ntawm xws hom yuav nyob ntawm seb qhov twg lawv tshwm sim. Cov uas raug tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb, muaj tus duab ntawm lub reservoir, thiab qhov tob yog twb txawv heev.

Heev lug siv los ntawm pab pawg neeg no ntawm pob zeb, piv txwv tsuas paub meej tias qhov no. Yuav kom lub txaj pob zeb yog:

• Mineral ntsev.
• Bauxite.
• Limestones.
• Dolomite, magnesite, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

Nyob rau hauv ntiaj teb yeej yog heev pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov uas twb tau mus kawm los ntawm ntau yam ntuj. Lub npe ntawm pob zeb uas muaj npaum li cas qhov chaw nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev - tov. Piv txwv li, sands yuav tau ntsib nrog ib tug admixture ntawm av nplaum.

Organogenic sedimentary pob zeb

Yog hais tias clastic pob zeb yog tej zaum muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg tseem muaj sia nyob, ces qhov no pab pawg neeg yog ib tug ntawm lawv thiab yog. Nws muaj xws li:

• Roj thiab shale.
• Bitumen.
• Phosphate pob zeb.
• Carbonate tebchaw, xws li cwj mem av dawb, uas yog sau nyob rau hauv lub blackboard.
• Limestones.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, lub limestone thiab cwj mem av dawb yog yuav luag nkaus ua los ntawm cov remnants ntawm lub zoo li ntawm ancient mollusks, foraminifera, corals, raws li lawv muaj algae. Muab hais tias muab sawv organogenic pob zeb yog txawv tus kab mob no, lawv muab faib ua ob peb ntau yam:

• Bioherm. Yog li ntawd hu ua txuam nrog uas muaj sia nyob.
• Thanatocoenoses thiab tafrotsenozy yog remnants ntawm cov kab mob uas nyob ntev dhau los nyob rau hauv cov chaw los yog raug coj los ntawm cov dej.
• Planktonogenic pob zeb raug tsim los ntawm tus kab mob no nyob hauv cov dej.

Lis luaj li cas ntawm cov txo

Qhov no feature yog ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm sedimentary pob zeb qauv. Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb, lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv homogeneous thiab inclusions. Nyob rau hauv thawj embodiment, tag nrho cov pob zeb ntaus nqi raws li ib tug homogeneous loj, thiab lub thib ob ib tug neeg fractions yuav muab suav hais tias thiab lawv grain zoo thiab piv.

Yog hais tias peb xav txog qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov zauv feem, peb yuav paub qhov txawv ob peb pab neeg: cov

1. Lis zoo heev cim.
2. Skrytozernistye visually tshwm sim tau unstructured.
3. Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb pab pawg neeg, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua mus xav txog qhov granularity tsis muaj tshwj xeeb cov khoom.

inclusions daim ntawv yuav ua tau ib ntawm cov kev uas muab cov pob zeb. Ob peb cov hom lug:

• Gipodiomorfny. Nyob rau hauv no hom ua raws li cov noob muaju ntawm lub resulting tov.
• Gipidioblastovy hom koom lub intermediate qauv, nyob rau hauv uas yog ib tug redistribution ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub twb solidified pob zeb.
• Granoblastic los yog daim ntawv muaj muaju ntawm lus zoo.
• Mehanokonforny hom tsim los ntawm tus neeg kho tshuab kev txiav txim ntawm lub pa grain khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, uas yog nyob saum toj no.
• Nekonformnozernisty muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feature nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov sib txawv rho los ntawm cov nplej, uas ua rau yus voids thiab porosity.

Tsis tas li ntawd lug emit txawm thiab kev ntxhib los mos. Lub division yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub layering ntawm:

• Gradation. Nws tsim yog nqa tawm ntawm zoo depths nyob rau hauv dej.
• Prosloevaya tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib co khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov dej, qhov no hom yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi av nplaum smears, khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov xuab zeb rau av nplaum.
• Pereslaivatelnaya tshwm sim thaum ib tug loj thickness, nws yog tau mus soj ntsuam cov kev hloov ntawm cov xim khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, interlace av nplaum thiab xuab zeb.

Nws yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ntau ntau classifications, tab sis qhov no, tej zaum, tsis txhob.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm sedimentary pob zeb

Peb twb soj ntsuam cov sedimentary clastic pob zeb, piv txwv ntawm uas tseem ua, thiab tam sim no nyob nyob rau lwm yam, uas yog tseem dav faib nyob rau hauv cov xwm.

1. Grits. Sawv cev sedimentary pob zeb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov gravel. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov tawg tsam ntawm cov pob zeb thiab lwm yam minerals tawm ntawm txawv ntau thiab tsawg.
2. Sandy pob zeb. Cov no muaj xws xuab zeb thiab sandstone.
3. Silty pob zeb dog dig zoo li sandstones, tsuas nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv yog ruaj khov minerals nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm quartz, muscovite.
4. Siltstone yus muaj los ntawm ib tug roughness rau qhov lov thiab cov xim nyob rau hauv lub cementitious khoom.
5. Av zoo ua qoob.
6. Av nplaum pob zeb.
7. Mudstones.
8. Marl yog ib tug sib tov ntawm carbonates thiab txais av ya.
9. Limestones, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov calcite.
10. Mel.
11. Dolomites li limestone, calcite, tab sis es tsis txhob lawv muaj dolomite.

Tag nrho cov pob zeb lug siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho thiab lwm yam cov nplais ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag.

metamorphic pob zeb

Yog hais tias peb nco ntsoov hais tias qhov no metamorphosis, nws yuav tsum tau to taub hais tias lub metamorphic pob zeb no yog cov kev tshwm sim ntawm transformation ntawm cov zaub mov thiab pob zeb nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kub, lub teeb, siab, thiab dej. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog: marble, quartzite, gneiss, schist, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Txij li thaum lub metamorphosis tej zaum yuav raug rau ntau hom pob zeb, thiab cov kev faib nyob rau nws:

1. METABASIC - qhov no ib yam tsiaj, uas ua los ntawm cov conversion of igneous thiab sedimentary pob zeb.
2. Metapelites yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm tus hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm acid sedimentary pob zeb.
3. Carbonate pob zeb, xws li marble.

Daim ntawv ntawm metamorphic pob zeb yog muab khaws cia tseg los ntawm lub yav dhau los piv txwv li, yog tias lub pob zeb nyob saum toj no khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, thiab cov tshiab khiv tsim yuav muaj tib lub lawm. Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees, ntawm chav kawm, nyob ntawm cov thawj lub pob zeb, tab sis nyob rau hauv tus txoj kev tshua tej zaum yuav txawv. Cov mineral muaj pes tsawg leeg tej zaum yuav sib txawv, thiab nws yuav muaj xws li ob qho tib si mineral yog ib tug los yog ob peb.

Igneous pob zeb

Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov pob zeb yog yuav luag 60% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Lawv tshwm sim los ntawm lub melting ntawm pob zeb los yog nyob rau hauv lub mantle nyob rau hauv qab ntawm cov kaub puab. Magma - molten khoom yog cov los yog siab enriched nrog rau ntau yam roj cua. Tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim yog yeej ib txwm txuam nrog ib tug kub nyob rau hauv sab hauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Geological dab tshwm sim hauv lub ntiaj teb, lossi ntxias magma ntawm lub nce mus rau qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm raising yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw txias thiab crystallization ntawm minerals. Li ntawd, yog cov txheej txheem rau cov tsim ntawm igneous pob zeb.

Nyob rau hauv lub qhov tob ntawm uas tus hardening, raug muab faib ua ob peb pab pawg ntawm cov pob zeb, hom lus tej zaum yuav zoo li no:

plutonic	volcanic	hypabyssal
Cov pob zeb raug tsim nyob rau hauv lub qis ib feem ntawm lub kiav txhab.	Tsim thaum lub sij hawm kev tawg ntawm magma mus rau qhov chaw.	Yug tshwm sim thaum magma nyob rau tej kab nrib pleb nyob rau hauv lub uas twb muaj lawm pob zeb.

Igneous pob zeb txawv los ntawm cov khib nyiab uas tsis muaj remnants ntawm tuag kab mob nyob rau hauv lawv. Granite pob zeb tsim yog ib yam ntawm cov feem ntau tseem ceeb ntawm cov pab pawg neeg no. Nws muaj: Feldspar, quartz thiab mica.

Thaum ib tug uas, cov magma tawm hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb, maj cools thiab ntaub ntawv ib hom ntawm volcanic pob zeb. Lawv tsis muaj loj muaju li cov kub nco yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw sai heev. Tus Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm xws pob zeb yog basalt thiab granite. Lawv feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv antiquity rau qhov siv thiab ua monuments thiab sculptures.

Volcanic clastic pob zeb

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm volcanic eruptions tsim tsis tsuas pob zeb granite, tab sis kuj muaj ntau lwm tus neeg. Ntxiv effusion lava rau hauv lub chaw txoj sia ncaim ntawm loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tawg tsam uas, ua ke nrog txhaws solidified lava ntog mus rau qhov chaw thiab daim ntawv tephra. Qhov no pyroclastic khoom yog maj raug tej qhov nqaij, puas ib feem ntawm nws cov dej, thiab ib tug uas yog compacted thiab ua ib tug muaj zog pob zeb - volcanic tuffs.

Thaum lub tawg ntawm cov pob zeb tawg tsam yuav tau pom, rau tej qhov chaw ntawm uas yog lawm ua tus sau nrog ashes tej zaum av nplaum los yog siliceous sedimentary tshuaj.

Weathering ntawm pob zeb

Tag nrho cov pob zeb, ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm, uas cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb uas ua nyob rau hauv yaig los yog kev puas tsuaj. Nyob ntawm seb tus sib sib zog tsa muaj ntau ntau hom ntawm tus txheej txheem no:

1. Lub cev weathering ntawm pob zeb. Nws tshwm sim vim kub hloov, uas ua rau pob zeb tawg ntho, nyob rau hauv cov kab nrib pleb pheej tsis tshua mus dej uas yuav tsum tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv cov dej khov tsis sov. Yog li ntawd maj puas tsuaj ntawm lub pob zeb no tshwm sim.
2. Tshuaj weathering yog nqa tawm los ntawm dej uas tau txais mus rau hauv pob zeb tej kab nrib pleb thiab leaches, yaj nws. Zoo li no los yog feem ntau amenable mus marble, limestone, ntsev.
3. Lom weathering yog nqa tawm nrog kev koom tes uas muaj sia nyob. Piv txwv li, cov nroj tsuag nrog cov hauv paus hniav yog kev rhuav tseg cov pob zeb, Lichen, tsawm rau lawv, paim ib co acid, uas yog tseem muaj teeb meem nyhuv.

Tsis txhob muaj cov weathering ntawm pob zeb yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua.

Lub ntsiab lus pob zeb

Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog tej yam lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag tsis muaj kev siv ntawm pob zeb. Ce xws siv pib nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, thaum cov neeg kawm yuav ua li cas rau lis pob zeb. Feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam pob zeb. Piv txwv li nram qab no:

• Marble.
• Limestone.
• Mel.
• Granite.
• Quartzite thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lawv siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb zoo.

Ib txhia breeds yog siv nyob rau hauv lub metallurgical kev lag luam, xws li refractory av nplaum, limestone, dolomite. Cov tshuaj kev lag luam yog inseparable los ntawm pob zeb ntsev, Tripoli, diatomaceous lub ntiaj teb.

Txawm lub teeb kev lag luam siv pob zeb los rau lawv xav tau kev pab. Nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb yuav tsis ua li cas tsis potash, phosphate pob zeb, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb feem ntawm chiv.

Yog li, peb soj ntsuam cov pob zeb. Thiab nws yuav tsum xaus lus tias tam sim no lawv muaj tej yam thiab tsim nyog pab neeg nyob rau hauv txhua kev lag luam, xws li los ntawm lub neej txhua hnub rau kev tsim kho. Uas yog vim li cas lub tswvyim yog tsis pob zeb yog feem ntau siv, thiab minerals uas raws nraim qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov natural reservoirs.