Cov koob yawm txwv tsev ntawm lub Slavs. Version thiab lub sib cav tswv yim txog lub keeb kwm thiab lub koob yawm txwv tsev ntawm lub Slavs

Qhov twg yog lub koob yawm txwv tsev ntawm lub Slavs? Yuav ua li cas versions ntawm zaum muab rau pem hauv ntej nyob rau hauv no li cas? Nyeem tsab xov xwm thiab koj yuav kawm tau cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no. Slavs ethnogenesis yog tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm ancient Slavic haiv neeg lub zej zog, uas coj mus rau qhov kev sib cais ntawm cov neeg los ntawm qhov loj ntawm Indo-European pab pawg neeg. Niaj hnub no muaj yog tsis muaj feem ntau txais version ntawm lub maturation ntawm lub Slavic lwm haiv neeg.

Tus thawj pov thawj

Cov koob yawm txwv tsev ntawm lub Slavs ntawm kev txaus siab rau ntau cov kws txawj. Qhov no lub teb chaws twb xub attested nyob rau hauv Byzantine cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub VI caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv thaum yav tas los, cov chaw no hais txog cov neeg Slavs nyob rau hauv lub IV caug xyoo. Nyuam qhuav pib ntaub ntawv hais txog cov haiv neeg uas tau koom tes nyob rau hauv etnogeneze Slavic (Bastarnians), tab sis raws li ntawm lawv kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ntau yam keeb kwm hniav mas nws txawv.

Sau qhia txog cov sau phau ntawv ntawm lub VI xyoo pua los ntawm Byzantium hais lus ntawm ib tug tsim lub teb chaws, muab faib mus rau hauv Antes thiab sklaviny. Venedy hais raws li Slavic pog koob yawg koob retrospectively kev taw qhia. Ntawv pov thawj ntawm tus sau phau ntawv ntawm lub Roman era (I-II xees.) Ntawm Wends tsis tso cai rau lawv mus txuas nrog rau ib co ntawm cov qub kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Slavs.

txhais

Cov koob yawm txwv tsev ntawm lub Slavs yog tseem tsis precisely txhais. Lavxias teb sab archaeologists hu scripts ib co archaic kab lis kev cai, pib los ntawm lub V caug xyoo. Cov kev kawm ntawv muaj yog tsis muaj ib qho taw tes ntawm view rau lub haiv neeg poj koob yawm txwv xov xwm ua ntej lawm civilizations thiab lawv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tom qab Slavic. Linguists kuj muaj tswvyim sib txawv hais txog lub sij hawm ntawm cov lus, uas yuav tsum tau hu ua lub Slavic los yog Slavonic. Tam sim no scientific phem version xaiv Lavxias teb sab kev hais lus los ntawm lub NCUAV nyob rau hauv enormous ntau ntawm 2nd xyoo txhiab BC. e. mus rau tus thawj centuries. e.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm ntawv, hauv paus chiv keeb thiab cheeb tsam ntawm ancient Ruthenian txoj kev tshawb no tshwj xeeb txoj kev nyob lub hlws ris ntawm ntau yam sciences: keeb kwm, lug, noob caj noob ces, paleoanthropology, archeology.

Indo-Europeans

lub koob yawm txwv tsev ntawm lub Slavs hnub no dominates lub minds ntawm ntau. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog bronze nyob rau hauv Central teb chaws Europe yog ntau ethno-lus zej lub zos ntawm Indo-European haiv neeg. Cov hauj lwm thereto ntawm tej pawg neeg nyias hais lus yog muaj teeb meem. German xibfwb G. Krae xaus lus tias thaum lub sij hawm Indo-Iranian, Anatolian, Greek thiab Armenian lus twb sib cais thiab tsim nws tus kheej, Celtic, ntawv qaij, Illyrian, Germanic, Baltic los yog Slavic lus twb yuav luag dialects ntawm ib Indo-European lus. Ancient Europeans uas inhabited central cov teb chaws Europe qaum teb ntawm lub Alps, tsim ib tug ntau terminology nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm ua liaj ua teb, kev ntseeg, thiab kev sib raug zoo kev sib raug zoo.

East haiv neeg

Qhov twg yog lub koob yawm txwv lub tsev nyob sab hnub tuaj Slavs? Cov pab pawg neeg ntawm lub teb chaws no, uas muaj kev tswj kom hauj lwm ua ke rau hauv ib chav tsev xwb (nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm ntau zaum), ua cov kev pej xeem ntawm lub medieval ancient. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub tom ntej nom tswv sib cais ntawm cov neeg no, mus rau lub XVII xyoo pua tau tsim peb cov neeg: lub Belarusian, Lavxias teb sab thiab Ukrainian.

Leej twg yog cov sab hnub tuaj Rusyns? Qhov no kab lis kev cai thiab lus Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg uas siv nyob rau hauv nws hais lus rau sab hnub tuaj Slavic lus. Ib txhia ntawm thaum ntxov soj ntsuam ntawm kuj siv lub los 'Lavxias teb sab Slavs. " East Slav ... Nws keeb kwm yog me ntsis paub. Yog vim li cas yog tsis tsuas cov tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm lawv tus kheej sau ntawv, tab sis cov remoteness ntawm lub civilized chaw ntawm lub sij hawm.

East Slav piav nyob rau hauv Byzantine, As thiab Persian sau qhov chaw. Ib txhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau nws nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug sib piv tsom xam ntawm lub Slavic lus thiab archaeological cov ntaub ntawv.

expansion

Cov koob yawm txwv tsev ntawm lub Slavs thiab lawv lub zos yuav sib tham txog los ntawm ntau soj ntsuam ntawm. Ib txhia ntseeg hais tias tus expansion tau tshwm sim vim hais tias ntawm cov pejxeem tawg, tshwm sim los ntawm lub sov ntawm kev nyab xeeb, los yog lub advent ntawm niaj hnub siv tshuab ntawm ua liaj ua teb, thiab lwm leej lwm tus - hais tias tus txhaum ntawm lub Great tsiv teb tsaws, devastated nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo pua AD, ib feem ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thaum lub sij hawm Sarmatian incursions, Germans, Avars, Huns, Bulgar thiab Lavxias teb sab.

Tej zaum lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab cov pog koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm lub Slavs txuam nrog pejxeem Przeworsk kab lis kev cai. Qhov no lub teb chaws bordered rau sab hnub poob nrog rau cov Celtic thiab Germanic pab pawg neeg ntiaj teb no, nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj - nrog rau cov Finno-ugortsami thiab Baltic lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb - nrog rau cov Sarmatians. Ib txhia prospectors xav hais tias nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no muaj ib tug ntau uninterrupted Slavic-Balt totality, uas yog, cov pab pawg neeg tseem tsis tau heev fragmented.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj Krivichy expansion nyob rau hauv Smolensk Dnieper cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yav tas los muaj tushemlinskaya civilization nyob rau hauv uas haiv neeg, archaeologists saib txawv. Nws hloov lub qub purely Slavic kab lis kev cai thiab tushemlinskie kev sib hais haum ntawd puas, vim hais tias thaum lub sij hawm uas lub Slavs txawm nyob rau hauv lub zos nyob.

tshawb pom

Lub hiob Slavic pab pawg neeg kawm nto moo linguist Academician O. N. Trubachov. Nws analyzed lub Slavic lus blacksmithing, tais diav ntim chaws thiab lwm yam crafts thiab xaus lus tias muaj ntawm lub ancient Slavonic dialects (los yog lawv pog koob yawg koob) nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm thaum tsim befitting terminology koom nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub Italians thiab cov Germans, uas yog Indo-Central teb chaws Europe. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov pab pawg neeg ntawm ancient Rus sawv tawm los ntawm lub Indo-European haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub Danube cheeb tsam (sab qaum teb yog ib feem ntawm lub Balkans), thiab ces tsiv thiab merged nrog rau lwm cov haiv neeg tej pawg neeg. Trubachev hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom paub tias cov txhais tau tias lug lub caij ntawm kev sib cais ntawm Proto-Slavic lub suab hais lus ntawm lub Indo-European vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov archaic intimacy.

Muaj ntau linguists cam hais tias cov Slavic lus pib yuav tsum tau tsim nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo pua AD. e. Ib txhia hu rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm kuv txhiab BC. e. Raws li glottochronology, Slavic lus twb tu nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm II Millennium BC. e. Ib txhia linguists hu ua ntej lawm.

lexical tsom xam

Version ntawm cov pog koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm lub Slavs muaj ntau. Muaj coob tus tau sim txhais tau lub ancient teb ntawm Rus cais lawv cov qub lus. F. P. Filin ntseeg hais tias lub teb chaws no tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov txoj siv nrog ib tug nplua mais ntawm marshes thiab cov pas dej loj, deb ntawm lub hiav txwv, toj roob hauv pes thiab steppes.

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm tus naas ej beech sib cav Polish botanist J. Rostafinsky sim mus nrhiav praotechestvo Slavs nyob rau hauv 1908: "Indo-European beech lub npe Slavs tsiv mus rau cov willow, willow thiab paub beech, fir thiab larch." Lo lus "beech" yog borrowed los ntawm German lus. Niaj hnub no, rau sab hnub tuaj ciam ntawm irradiation ntawm tus ntoo yog hais txog Odessa - Kaliningrad, tab sis kev soj ntsuam ntawm pollen nyob rau hauv lub pob txha ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias nws ntau thoob plaws cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm.

Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog bronze, lub beech loj hlob yuav luag tag nrho cov pawg neeg thaj av ntawm Eastern Europe (tshwj tsis yog sab qaum teb). Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog hlau, thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm lub Slavic haiv neeg (nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm feem ntau historians), Beech residues pom nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm Russia, lub Carpathians, lub Caucasus, lub Crimea thiab Dub hiav txwv cheeb tsam. Qhov no paub licas hais tias cov yuav qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub Slavic ethnogenesis tej zaum yuav sab qab teb-sab hnub poob Russia, sab qaum teb thiab hauv paus cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine, Belarus.

Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob (Novgorod cov khoom) Beech twb zus raws li thaum ntxov raws li lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Beech forests muaj niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb thiab Western teb chaws Europe, Poland, lub Carpathians, lub Balkans. Nyob rau hauv lawv vaj tsev uas ntuj fir tsis loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub pawg neeg thaj av ntawm lub Carpathians thiab sab hnub tuaj ciam teb ntawm teb chaws Poland mus rau lub Volga. Nrog rau qhov no nuance teb Rusyns yuav muab tso qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Belarus los yog Ukraine, yog linguists xav botanical lexicon ntawm cov neeg no yog muaj tseeb.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov Slavic lus (thiab ib tug Balt) muaj lo lus "txiv qaub", denoting tib tsob ntoo. Li no muaj yog ib tug hypothesis txog cov tshooj cheeb tsam nrog linden teb Lavxias teb sab pab pawg neeg, tab sis vim yog lub loj heev ntawm no nroj tsuag yog impressive, nws twb tsis muab rau tus account.

Qhia Soviet philologists

Cov koob yawm txwv tsev ntawm lub Slavs thiab lawv ethnogenesis ua lub paj ntawm ntau tshwj xeeb. Lub ntiaj teb sab qaum teb Ukraine thiab Belarus yuav mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub dav loj heev ntawm Balt npe qhov chaw. Kev kawm txog cov Soviet academicians philologists O. N. Trubachova thiab V. N. Toporova pom tias Balta hydronyms nyob rau hauv lub Upper Dnieper cheeb tsam feem ntau dai kom zoo nkauj lus Slavs. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov neeg muaj nyob tom qab Balts. Qhov no mismatch yog tshem tawm, yog hais tias peb lees kev xav ntawm ib tug neeg linguists rau qhov qee ntawm cov Proto-Slavic lub suab hais lus ntawm obschebaltskogo.

Tswv yim V. N. Toporova

VN Toporov xav Balt nws yog ze tshaj rau tus thawj Indo-European, thaum tag nrho lwm yam Indo-European lus nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob txoj kev deb ntawm lub primordial lub xeev. Nws cav hais tias Proto-Slavic lub suab hais lus yog yav qab teb Baltic peripheral lub suab hais lus, uas tau tsiv mus rau lub Proto-Slavic ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua V BC. e. thiab ces nws tus kheej hloov mus rau hauv lub ancient lus ntawm lub Rusyns.

versions

Controversy txog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub koob yawm txwv tsev ntawm lub Slavs thiab tseem niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet era, ob tug loj versions Rusyn ethnogenesis tau daim:

1. Polish (txiav txim seb tus ancestral tsev ntawm lub Slavs nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub oder thiab cov Vistula).
2. Autochthonous (originated nyob rau hauv tus ntawm theoretical views ntawm lub Soviet paub txog Marr).

Ob recreate pre-tau pom zoo nrog lub Slavic keeb kwm ntawm lub thaum ntxov archaic kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, uas nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog twb inhabited los ntawm Rusyns, thiab ib co muaj hnub nyoog-laus ancient lub sij hawm, hais tias cov neeg, nws tus kheej tsim los ntawm cov NCUAV.

Txuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb thiab ua ncaim ntawm patriotic piav coj mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tshiab versions raws li nyob rau hauv lub qee teem rau cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub Slavic haiv neeg ntawm ripening thiab tis los ntawm nws cov tsiv teb tsaws rau neighboring territories.

Ib tug kawm kev qhuab qhia tsis tau ib tug taw tes ntawm view rau qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm ntawm lub ethnogenesis ntawm lub Slavs. Niaj hnub no muaj yog tsis muaj universally txais cov nqe lus ntawm reference ntawm lub qub haiv neeg rau cov neeg no. Pheej nyob rau hauv no hwm tej zaum yuav ua tau ib tug kos npe rau bezdialektnosti ancient Ruthenian lus.

Nws ua tsis tau tejyam los ua ib tug pov version ntawm ethnogenesis Lavxias teb sab rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug tsuas yog ib qho scientific kev kawm. Tam sim no theories sim mus ua ke cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tag nrho cov keeb kwm kev cai qhuab qhia. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yog assumed tias Slavic haiv neeg nyob vim lub merger ntawm qhov sib txawv Indo-European haiv neeg zej zog ntawm lub lem ntawm lub Scythian-Sarmatian thiab cov Baltic States, nrog kev koom tes ntawm Finnish, Celtic thiab lwm yam substrates.

lub hypothesis zaum

Zaum no yog tsis paub tseeb tias lub Slavic haiv neeg BC. e. Kuv muaj. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm ib tug contradictory kev xav ntawm linguists. Muaj yog tsis muaj pov thawj hais tias tus Slavs nqis los ntawm lub Balts. Siv qhov chaw sib txawv, cov xibfwb tsim lub hypothesis ntawm Lavxias teb sab cov hauv paus hniav. Txawm li cas los, lawv yuav tsis tsuas txawv txiav txim qhov chaw ntawm lub Slavic koob yawm txwv tsev, tab sis kuj raug xa mus rau lub sij hawm txawv qee ntawm Slavs los ntawm lub Indo-European lub zej lub zos.

Muaj ntau ntau hypotheses, raws li uas Rusins thiab praotechestvo twb muaj txij thaum lub caij III txhiab BC. e. (O. H. Trubachev) los ntawm lub kawg ntawm II Millennium. e. (Polish kawm Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński T., K. Yazhdzhevsky, Yu Kostshevsky thiab lwm tus), los ntawm nruab nrab II Millennium BC. e. (Polish xibfwb F. Slavskii), nrog VI. BC. e. (L. Niederle, M. Vasmer, P. J. Safarik, S. B. Bernshteyn).

Lub earliest scientific txoj kev fwv yees txog praotchizne Slavs yuav muaj nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab historians ntawm XVIII-XIX centuries. V. O. Klyuchevskogo, S. M. Solovova, N. M. Karamzina. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb, lawv cia siab rau cov "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" thiab xaus lus tias tus ancient teb Rusyns yog cov dej Danube thiab lub Balkans.