Cov pos hniav thiab Upper Trading Natwm Moscow: hauj lwm, keeb kwm thiab architectural nta

Cov pos hniav, nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm Moscow, kom txog rau thaum 1953 twb paub li cov Upper Trading Natwm. Nws lub tsev - ib tug tseem ceeb heev architectural monument ntawm tsoom fwv teb chaws tseem ceeb. Cov pos hniav - yog ib tug ntawm cov biggest department khw muag khoom noj nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Nws npog ib tug loj cheeb tsam - ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub capital. Lub ntsiab facade overlooks lub Red Square.

Siv cov kev faib ntawm ib tug niaj hnub pos hniav yog hais txog mus rau lub 1890-93 biennium. IB Txiv kab ntxwv yog cov kws kes duab vajtse ntawm lub tuam tsev no, thiab VG Shukhov - nws engineer.

Yuav ua li cas puas tau Upper Trading Natwm Moscow

Xyoo ntawm creation los mus txiav txim hnub no tsis yog tau. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub xyoo pua 17th, uas nyob rau hauv lub Red Square khw arcades twb qhov chaw ntawm lag luam wholesale thiab khw muag khoom ua lag luam nyob rau hauv lub capital. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm Ilinka thiab Nikolskaya yog ib tug ntev ob-storey tsev, hu ua lub Upper Trading Natwm. Yam txawv nws adorned monument rau Minin thiab Pozharsky. Qab lub tsev muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov me me ntoo tej, uas yog feem ntau kub tuag thaum lub sij hawm qhov hluav taws kub ntawm Moscow. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nplaim taws flared feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no. Lawv lub ntsiab yog vim li cas yog cov kev siv ntawm stewards makeshift qhovcub rau cua sov nyob rau hauv lub txias. Nws yog nthuav tias thaum lub sij hawm ib tug loj heev hluav taws uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1812, ib tug peb lub hlis twg nrog khw cas dim.

Tus tshiab lub tsev

Tus tshiab lub tsev rau cov Moscow Upper Trading Natwm tau ua nyob rau hauv 1815. O. Beauvais yog nws kes duab vajtse. Tsev tom qab tsev muab faib mus rau hauv nyias muaj nyias ib qhov chaw, teej tug mus rau lwm cov tswv. Thaum nws yog lub sij hawm mus overhaul, nws tau los ua tseeb tias kom muab tau cov kev tso cai rau nws ntawm tag nrho cov tswv yog tsis yooj yim sua. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tsis muaj txij nkawm lub tsev yog nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug Dilapidated lub xeev uas ib zaug ib tug poj niam ua rau ib tug hnav ris tsho nyob rau hauv lub khw, tsoo nws txhais ceg, poob los ntawm hauv pem teb, lwj tas lub sij hawm.

Creation ntawm ob leeg-Tshuag lub tuam txhab

Nyob rau hauv lub lig puv 19 xyoo pua, thaum lub teb chaws dhau ib tug haib muaj thiab economic kev loj hlob, Moscow Governor-General txiav txim siab los rhuav lub qub tsev thiab tsim kom muaj ib lub tshiab. Txawm li cas los, rov qab los tus tswv tsis pom zoo nrog lub tswv yim vim hais tias nws tau ua txhaum lawv cov vaj tse txoj cai. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, rau cov me tub luam, txawm lub feem ntau yooj yim luv luv ntsej muag nyiaj txiag puas. Tus tswv ntawm lub tsev txiav txim siab los mus tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb commission nominated lub tsis tsim nyog tej yam kev mob mus rau lub nroog cov tub ceev xwm. Lub Moscow Duma yuav tsis pom zoo rau lawv, yog li cov ntaub ntawv tau qeeb. Nrog kev pab los ntawm Moscow Governor-General nyob rau hauv 1880, lub tsev tus tswv tsev yuav tsum tsim ib tug sib koom-Tshuag lub tuam txhab, hu ua "Upper Trading Natwm".

Nyob rau hauv Moscow, rau xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1886, nws tau tsim ib tug pawg neeg mus nrhiav kom tau ib txoj cai tsim los tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm restructuring lub qub tsev. Tus huab tais tus kheej pom zoo charter, ces pib sib hais plaub ntug rau tej khoom txoj cai rau hauv av. qhov ntev-awaited daim ntawv cog lus twb tau nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1888. Ob feem peb ntawm cov tswv tuaj rau lub Society, thiab ces twb raug xaiv mus rau lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib cov. Cov qhia tawm capital li cas 9.408.400 rubles. Shares ntawm nominal tus nqi ntawm uas yog 100 rubles, tau muab rau tag nrho cov nqi.

Project A. Pomerantseva

Kaum ib hlis 15, 1888 ncaws tawm teb chaws kev sib tw. Los ntawm thoob plaws lub teb chaws tau txais designs rau lub tshiab lub tsev ntawm lub Upper Trading Natwm. Cov laus cov khw tau pib mus rau rhuav lub hnub qub. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 23 tej yaam num tau hais rau hauv pawg neeg, ua hauj lwm ntawm A. Pomerantseva pom zoo raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Muab qhov no kes duab vajtse kab nrog lub ntsiab uas yuav tsum tau rau kev sib txeeb. Efficiency thiab rationality ua ke ua tiav project Pomerantseva Upper Trading Natwm nyob rau hauv Moscow. Lub architectural style ntawm lawv txuas ntxiv kev tsim nyog. Lub tsev no reminiscent ntawm lub qub tsev.

Lub architectural style yuav muab txhais li pseudo. Upper Trading Natwm Moscow, raws li cov AA Pomerantseva, muaj ob tug vaj tse. Tam sim no, ib tug ntawm lawv lub npe hu ua cov pos hniav, thaum lwm tus neeg tau ua nyob rau hauv lub qub Sov ibyam. Nws, dhau lawm, twb dim mus rau lub hnub tam sim no. Lub tsev no tsuas me ntsis me me tshaj cov pos hniav. Nws los ntawm txoj kev kawg. Ilinka. Yog li, kom paub tias cov pos hniav thiab cov Upper Trading Natwm tsis zoo heev.

Siv cov kev faib ntawm ib tug tshiab txoj thiab nws qhib

Cov hauj lwm ceremony ntawm tso lub tshiab saum series coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1890 thiab twb tau mus kawm los ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb cov neeg - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsoom fwv thiab lub nroog thawj coj. Lub tsev twb tiav nyob rau hauv 1893, lub Upper Trading Natwm Moscow tam sim no yog ib tug loj complex muaj ob vaj tse thiab lub underground khw txoj kev, uas yog nruab nrog central cua kub thiab lub hwj chim nroj tsuag.

Hnub qhib ntawm khw malls - Hlis ntuj nqeg 2, 1893 Nyob rau lub sij hawm no, lub nroog neeg nyob chanted ib tug kev thov Vajtswv, thiab ces Sergei Alexandrovich, tus poj vaj ntxwv, nrog rau nws tus poj niam Elizabeth mus xyuas qhov kev siv tus kheej. Upper Trading Natwm Moscow tau txij li thaum ua tsis yog ib tug luam kwv. Nyob rau hauv lub khob ru tsev ntawm lub tsev ntog rau hauv tag nrho cov tsev neeg yuav txaus siab rau ib tug zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab muaj kuab heev vaj tse ntawm Moscow. Tau cov duab los saum toj no, siv tau rau 1893.

Tshiab Upper Trading Natwm

Tshiab khiv sab Upper Trading Natwm (pos hniav tsev) yog peb-storey muaj 3 longitudinal nqe vaj lug kub. Overlapping nqe vaj lug kub - steel arched truss nrog ib tug 16-meter glazed bays. Hauv lub tsev muaj peb chav.

Raws li ua ntej, lub lag luam cheeb tsam tau muab faib nruab nrab ntawm cov tswv. Txawm li cas los, tam sim no nws yog lub khw txiav, tsis kav. Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab lub tsev ua lag luam qhov chaw surrendered nto moo tshaj plaws tuam txab. Nws yog tsis xav tsis thoob, vim hais tias cov heev kim nqi ntawm Cas tau ua nyob rau hauv ib tug nplua nuj lub tsev raws li Upper Trading Natwm Moscow. Lawv architecture attracted tus mloog, thiab rau sab hauv yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj. Beautifully tiav lawm, gleaming tsom iav, txhais nrog luxurious rooj tog, lawv yog amazing. Ib tug tag nrho ntawm 322 department rau 3 plag tsev. Lawv yuav yuav ib yam ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus los yog muaj cov khoom. hauv qab daus chav hauv lub tsev yog rau cov lag luam wholesale luam.

Nyob rau hauv lub kub, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nyiam ntau buyers sellers pib muaj kev pab ntxiv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Upper Trading Natwm nyob ceg ntawm lub International Moscow Bank. nws kuj tau pib mus ua hauj lwm hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab engraving kev cob qhia, kws caws plaub hau, post chaw ua hauj lwm, kws kho hniav qhov chaw ua hauj lwm. Qhov qhib ntawm lub tsev noj mov coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1895

ib qho tseem ceeb nrhav

Nyob rau hauv lub qub hnub nyob rau hauv lub me me khw cov neeg muag khoom rau lub buyer tshaj tawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm ib yam khoom. Feem ntau, tus nqi yog siab dhau heev lawm, yog li buyers bargain coj nws. Tam sim no, rau cov thawj lub sij hawm peb pib siv tus nqi teev, yog li ntawd cov neeg tau poob cov tsoos kev lom zem. Lwm nthuav qhov tseeb yog hais tias nws yog Upper Trading Natwm Moscow (kes duab vajtse - Pomeranian) - khw muag khoom, uas xub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv kev tsis txaus siab thiab cov tswv yim. Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, nws yog pib mus thov cov kev cai raws li uas tus neeg muas zaub yog ib txwm muaj cai. Lub Upper Trading Natwm qhib lub wardrobe, nws pib mus ua hauj lwm siv. Peb pib npaj concerts thiab miv, suab paj nruas yav tsaus ntuj.

Upper Trading Natwm tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig

Tom qab dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1917, lub kiv puag ncig khw nyob rau hauv lub tsev, tau nationalized. Lawv kaw thiab ces rov qhib rau lub daws teeb meem V. I. Lenina. Txawm li cas los, cov lag luam tawm nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub tom qab lub nationalization twb pib qaug. Nws nres zoo rau nws tom qab 1918. Lub tsev ntawm lub Upper Trading Natwm Moscow (pos hniav) tam sim no pib yuav tsum tau siv los ntawm ntau cov koom haum. Lub ib zaug luxurious cov khw txiav coj desks, thiab ua hauj lwm rau hauv lub chav tsev. Lub tsev ntawm lub Upper Trading Natwm Moscow yog zoo nkauj seeb qhov chaw. Ua ntej, nws muab tua lub cua sov, thiab ces lub hwj chim chaw nres tsheb nyob rau hauv lub qab daus twb flooded nrog dej, uas ua nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov poob hluav taws xob.

Thaum lub sij hawm NEP

Nyob rau hauv 1920 lub qhauj muaj los ntawm lub xeev, pib ua kom paub nws tus kheej-txais. Txij li thaum uas lub sij hawm, yuav pab tau koj pov tseg ntawm lawv tus kheej ib feem ntawm lawv tus kheej cov khoom. Cov xyoo yog paub nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li lub sij hawm ntawm lub New Economic Txoj cai (NEP). Ib tug ntau ntawm tuam txhab uas muag tau qiv. Upper Trading Natwm qhia no txoj hmoo. Lub State Department khw tsev (- cov pos hniav rau luv luv) nyob rau hauv 1921. Txawm li cas los, thaum lub sij hawm zaj yog tsis muaj ntev qhov chaw zoo, yuav ua li cas paub nws ua ntej. Thiab nws muag nyob rau hauv cov pos hniav mas sau.

Department khw nyob rau hauv lub 1930s thiab 1940s

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lub Upper Trading Natwm li lub khw tsis kav ntev. Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub 1930s. thaj chaw muaj dua pib kom haum nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau enterprise, nrog rau cov printing xovxwm yog Sovnarkom, uas ua hauj lwm kom txog thaum 1995. Nyob rau hauv raws li cov General Plan ntawm Moscow Reconstruction, saws nyob rau hauv 1935, liab Square yuav tsum nthuav. Rau lub hom phiaj no nws yog tsim nyog los nqa cov pos hniav. Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog ib qhov tsis paub. Cov pos hniav sawv nyob rau hauv lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog. Nws yog los ntawm no Yu. B. Levitan 9 Tej zaum 1945 muab lub Russians txoj xov zoo txog lub German swb.

Nyob rau hauv 1947, nyob rau hauv lub tsev tom ntej no looming kev hem thawj. Nyob rau liab Square thaum lub sij hawm peb txiav txim siab los txhim tsa ib tug monument nplooj siab mus rau lub yeej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II. Cov pos hniav, raws li tus initiators ntawm no enterprise, tiv thaiv tau nws siv. Txawm li cas los, lub tsev ib zaug dua dim los ntawm ib tug zoo siab coincidence. Nyob rau liab Square monument thiab tsis tau nyob.

Lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm cov pos hniav

Nyob rau hauv 1953, lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm cov pos hniav. Nws yog lub sij hawm ntawm Khrushchev lub thaw. Yog tias thaum nws tau txiav txim siab los tso cov pos hniav los ntawm lub tsev muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv nws. Lub reconstruction ntawm lub tsev. Trade khoom, machinery, lub tsev ntaub ntawv raug xa los ntawm ntau lub zos ntawm cov USSR. Part ntawm lub khw muag khoom noj qhib txawm ua ntej lub chaw ua hauj lwm tau ua tiav.

Revived cov pos hniav khw los ua qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Ib tug ntau ntawm cov khoom raug muab los rau nws foundations. Lub khw tau hlua li ib tug lossis loj queue. Tub ceev xwm patrols tswj cov neeg coob coob. Ib tug tag nrho ntawm 11 departments department yog muaj muag ready-made khaub ncaws, textiles, knitted khoom, linen, nkawm khau, rooj tog thiab ntaub pua tsev, tsev neeg cov khoom, cov khoom ua si thiab ntawv sau, cov kaus mom thiab plaub, kev ua si cov khoom. Zuag qhia tag nrho cov khw muag ntau yam ntawm ntau dua tshaj 30 txhiab khoom.

lwm reconstruction

Cov pos hniav nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1960s, ze li ntawm demolished dua, txawm li cas los, lub tsev ib zaug dua muaj hmoo. Department tsis tau tsuas yog fwm, tab sis kuj los ua ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tom qab pub ntxiv tshaj qhov nram qab no khw: "Belgrade", "Hluas", "Prague", "Simferopol", "siv lead ua" thiab "Leipzig". Lwm reconstruction ntawm cov pos hniav department khw tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv 1985. Nyob rau hauv 1987, lub tsev muag khoom noj Eliseev los ua ib feem ntawm lub khw muag khoom.

Lub centenary ntawm lub tsim ntawm lub tuam txhab

Nyob rau hauv 1993 peb cim lub centenary ntawm lub tsim ntawm ob leeg-Tshuag lub tuam txhab "Upper Trading Natwm". Cov tag nrho lub lim tiam mus rau kev zoo siab lub sij hawm. Muaj ntau zaum thiab kev cai ua hauj lwm, raws li zoo raws li lag luam neeg coj ib feem nyob rau hauv nws. Nyob rau hauv cov pos hniav tseem ceeb nkag (los ntawm Red Square) twb inaugurated nyob rau hauv cov hnub.

department hnub no

Niaj hnub no yog ib tug loj department khw khw thiab kev lom zem chaw, uas muaj raws li cov niaj hnub yuav tsum tau. Rov qab Showroom twb muaj ntev los no. Hmo ntuj illumination dai kom zoo nkauj lub ntsiab facade ntawm cov pos hniav department khw. Txij li thaum 2006, pem hauv ntej ntawm lub khw skating rink nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no. Yuav luag txhua txhua neeg mus ncig tebchaws uas tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Moscow, xav mus xyuas lub Upper Trading Natwm (pos hniav). Cov style ntawm lub tsev qhia cov Lavxias teb sab ntsuj plig, thiab hauv koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug ntau ntawm nthuav tej yam.