Dab tsi ua rau number case: Muaj pes tsawg leeg. Yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau ib tug tiag tiag number case: cov kauj ruam yog kauj ruam cov lus qhia thiab cov tswv yim

Txhua txhua hnub peb siv ib tug ballpoint cwj mem rau hauv desktops muaj printers uas ua hauj lwm nrog me me los yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam. Peb tau ua thiaj li accustomed mus rau qhov uas tsis xav txog yuav ua li cas nws ua hauj lwm. Ib tug thawj kauj ruam ntawm lub invention, tag nrho cov ke pab kiag li lawm daim ntawv qhia yog tsab muaj pes tsawg leeg uas muaj peev xwm tawm ib co kua nplaum rau ntawm lub pov thawj daim ntawv thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. Txawm li cas los, niaj hnub no peb xav tham txog, los ntawm dab tsi ua rau tus number case. Ib tug nyuag cov keeb kwm thiab niaj hnub siv tshuab yuav nthuav rau cov neeg laus thiab cov me nyuam.

ancient tomes

Lub thinnest parchment kab muab rau tanned tawv nqaij, txheej thaud yeej ib txwm xav tsis thoob vim li cas muaj peev xwm muab tau yooj yim rhuav kom deb li deb sau. Tus thawj number case yog heev yooj yim - dub tov nrog ib yam dab tsi nplaum. Nws yog ib, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog tus number case, uas dries thiab tej kab nrib pleb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog heev nyuaj, nws yog tsim nyog los tau rau hauv lub tes mus coj ib tug qhov chaw zoo nkauj. Ces tus formulation twb nruj me ntsis txwv kom muab zais. Dab tsi ua rau tus number case, lub npe hu rau cov pov thawj. Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj ntau variations. Lawv coj raws li lub hauv paus ntawm zib ntab thiab ntxiv mus rau nws ib tug Golden hmoov. Siv lug ib feem ntawm lub elderberry thiab Walnut. Tab sis tag nrho cov no tau sunk rau hauv oblivion. Niaj hnub no, cov ntau lawm ntawm number case tau ua ib qho yooj yim thiab pheej yig. Wb txoj lw hauv cov saw hlau ntxiv.

Ink los ntawm ceev Gallen

Ntxiv mus xav txog, los ntawm dab tsi ua rau tus number case, peb yuav tsis nco qab txog lub npe nrov discovery, namely tshwj xeeb growths rau ntoo qhib nplooj. Lawv hu ua galls thiab nyob rau hauv lawv cov tshuaj tua kab kab - tsib nkawj. Uas yog vim li cas lub growths hu ua number case ceev. Ntawm cov squeezed kua txiv, nws yog ces tov nrog ib tug hlau sulfate thiab ntxiv nplaum. Cov tshwm sim yog ib tug ruaj khov muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog ib tug zoo nkauj ci. Txawm niaj hnub no, cov fwm thaud saib heev tshiab. Txawm li cas los, muaj ib tug tseem ceeb nuance. Cov inks twb tsis muaj kob, nyeem yuav ua tau tsuas yog thaum tus tsiaj ntawv qhuav li.

Ib tug kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm

Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua, cov neeg tau ua ntau educated, muaj ntau yam paub txog dab tsi ua tus number case. Nyob rau hauv 1885, ib coup tau tsim. Xib Fwb yees alizarin number case. Lawv kuj muaj tsib, tab sis muaj mob siab heev xim vim lub cim additive. Blue-ntsuab nyob rau hauv lub raj mis, lawv tig dub thaum ua ntawv thov rau daim ntawv. Qhov no twb tiav los ntawm qhov sib ntxiv ntawm Krupp, piv txwv li extract los ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm lub madder.

Tam sim no lub hauj kiv puag ncig yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias, thiab cov madder tau kawm los hloov xim dag thiab number case ceev - gallic acid. Tab sis qhov no kev kawm tau yog tsis nres. qhov uas yooj yim txoj kev uas yuav ua aniline number case, uas yog yaj nyob rau hauv dej kom tau ib tug hluavtaws zas xim nyob. Nrog rau qhov no technology nws yog ua tau coj los ua ke ib tug ntau yam ntawm compositions ntawm tints. Txawm li cas los, nws tseem yog ib tug paub tsis meej yuav ua li cas ua tau inscriptions ruby, sapphire thiab pearl number case ancient monks. Cov tebchaw yog tseem paub nyob rau hauv ib co monasteries, tab sis yeej tsis no kos duab yeej tsis tso lawv cov phab ntsa.

Los ntawm ancient sij hawm rau tam sim no

Yog li ntawd yuav ua li cas puas muaj tus number case hnub no nyob rau hauv loj, muaj nplai, nws tsis yog nyuaj rau twv hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov tib neeg tsis xa mus rau qhov. Tam sim no tag nrho manufactured formulations yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv ob peb hom. Cov thawj pab pawg neeg yog cov feem ntau nrov, pheej yig thiab yooj yim. Nws yog ib, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, zus tau tej cov number case los ntawm gallic acid.

Qhov thib ob xaiv - yog tau txais cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, siv tannin. Nws yog pom nyob rau cov muag khoom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug yellowish hmoov. Cov kev siv raws li thickeners thiab glycerol gelatin. Yog li ntawd nws yog ua tau kom ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm number case yuav kuj zoo txawm hais tias ntawd noj. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nws yog ib qho zoo kom tsis txhob muaj.

Yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau lawv tus kheej txhais tes

Yog hais tias koj yeej xav kom sim koj tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug medieval hauj sam, ces peb mam li qhia rau koj yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau number case los ntawm txhais tes. Tag nrho cov Cheebtsam yog haum yooj yim. Koj yuav tsum tau mus sau peb grams ntawm ntoo qhib apples, ob grams ntawm ferrous sulfate thiab tib tus nqi ntawm cov pos hniav Arabic. Ink Gauls yuav tsum phaus mus rau hauv cov hmoov thiab sau cov hlab. Ncuav mus rau hauv nws 30 ml ntawm cov dej. Nyob rau hauv lwm txog ntsha ncuav zoo xws li cov nqi ntawm cov dej thiab ntxiv tag nrho cov lwm yam. koj muaj peev xwm sib tov ob kua nyob rau hauv ob hnub, do thiab tawm rau lwm 48 xuab moos, ces lim. Txawm li cas los, sau no muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum tau mus kawm ntxiv. Tab sis txij thaum cov inks ua li cas nrog lawv txhais tes yog nyuaj heev, koj yuav tsum tau txaus siab nrog dab tsi yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau lawv.

number case alizarin

Lawv npaj kuj los ntawm ntoo qhib apples, tab sis lawv yog cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv uas lawv muaj vinegar. Yuav kom npaj qhov yuav tsum tau coj tus number case ceev 10 g, 6 g ntawm tooj liab sulfate, 1 g ntawm cov pos hniav Arabic, 100 ml ntawm vinegar. Cov kev npaj yuav siv sij hawm ib tug ntau lub sij hawm, yog li ntawd kuv tune nyob rau hauv mus rau ib tug ntev txoj kev. Crushed galls soaked nyob rau hauv vinegar rau tsawg kawg 6 hnub. Qhov seem Cheebtsam yog nyias yaj nyob rau hauv acid. Nyob rau hnub thib tsib ntawm lub thib ob yog ib feem yuav tsum tau hau.

Tom qab ob lub ntsiab yuav tsum npaj kom txhij, koj yuav tsum hauj lwm ua ke lawv ua ke. Tam sim no co lub sib tov kwm. Cov txheej txheem yog yuav luag tiav. Nws yog zoo tshaj plaws haum raws li kuab ntoo-acetic acid. Alizarin number case muaj ib tug loj disadvantage - lawv tsis uniformly ntws nyob ib ncig ntawm tus cwj mem, thiab nyob twj ywm rau nws ib tug tuab loj.

Kom ntau los ntawm kev xaiv

Niaj hnub no, cov ntau lawm ntawm number case - qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb lawm, uas tsuas tsub kom tus nqi. Nyob rau lawv Rus npaj los ntawm ferrous sulfate uas yog ntxiv rau cov broth ntoo qhib ceev. Niaj hnub no, cov pa number case rau ballpoint txhais tes - ib tug sib tov ntawm 50 los yog ntau tshaj Cheebtsam. Cov xim dub yog tiav los ntawm cov dyes, tiam sis feem ntau nrov yog cov triphenylmethane, tooj liab phthalocyanine, lawv impart ib xiav tint, thiaj li nrov nyob rau hauv niaj hnub ntaub ntawv.

Ink Manufacturing tsis muaj ferrous sulfate thiab tannic acid. Colorants thiab additives tov zoo zoo nrog ib tug hnyav, lawv yuav tsum tau ua ib tug qauv ruaj khov. Synthetic polymers yog yuav tsum tau mus pab kho qhov chaw nro.

Coloring ntawm cov iav

Ink npaj ib tug du nto ntawm ob ua hauj lwm daws teeb meem. Tus thawj - nws 100 ml ntawm dej thiab yaj nyob rau ntawd 1 g ntawm poov tshuaj sulfide thiab 7 g ntawm sodium sulphide. Npaj tej yam yooj yim nws. Ob txhais nurses muaj 100 g ntawm dej, 3 g ntawm zinc chloride thiab 13 ml ntawm hydrochloric acid. Cov sib tov yuav tau ncaj qha siv raws li number case. Nws yuav yam xyuam xim tsum muaj ntaub ntawv mus rau lub iav thiab tau tom qab so qhuav matte ntawv.

Compositions rau hlau

koj muaj peev xwm hu rau lawv nrog number case xwb conditionally. Yuav kom sau rau hlau yuav tsum tau ib tug sib tov ntawm nitric thiab hydrochloric acid. Rau qhov no, tus nto yog coated nrog ciab, thiab ces ua lub inscription yam khoom ntse ntse, thiab ces tus muaj pes tsawg leeg yog thov los ntawm saum toj no. Tsib feeb tom qab, cov hlab tej zaum yuav rho nyob rau hauv dej sov. Yuav kom tau txais analogue number case inscriptions rau hauv xiav, nws yuav tsum tau npaj ib tug txawv pes tsawg leeg.

Nws yog npaj los ntawm nws 3.5 g ntawm borax nrog 15 ml ntawm ethyl cawv, 2 g ntawm cov rosin hmoov thiab 25 ml ntawm methylene xiav tshuaj. Cov no muaj inscription nyob rau hauv xiav.

Ink rau cov nqaij mos

Peb twb sib tham compositions thiab ua kom pom tseeb ntawm uas yog ua los ntawm number case. Txawm li cas los, tag nrho cov ntawm cov nplooj tsis muaj ib tug siab kuj pheej rov qab ua ntxuav thiab kub. Ua li no, ib tug me ntsis hloov hauv daim ntawv qhia. Yuav kom qhov no hwj twb rhuab nyob rau hauv 42 g ntawm aniline thiab 2.5 g ntawm poov tshuaj chlorate thiab 13 ml ntawm cov dej. Ces 15 ml ntawm hydrochloric acid (25%) thiab mus txuas ntxiv kom sov lub sib tov kom txog thaum nws yog tsaus. Nws tseem cov ntaub ntawv rau me me. Lub hwj raug nchuav mus rau cuprous chloride, tus txheej txheem no yuav suav hais tias suab tiav.

Cov uas ua cov tshuaj yog rhuab mus liab-violet xim. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov xim, cov oxidizing neeg saib xyuas thiab catalyst rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv peb yuav tau txais zaum kawg tshwm sim. Ink yog ua nyob rau hauv no daim ntawv qhia, lawv yog heev resistant. Lawv tsis ploj nyob rau hauv lub ntxuav txheej txheem thiab yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv lub teeb kev lag luam.

es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug xaus

Raws li koj tau pom, muaj ntau txoj kev los npaj tus number case. Niaj hnub nimno kev lag luam tso cai lawm los ntawm cov xim dub thiab xaus nrog dawb lias number case. Tsis ntev los no, lub cuab yeej ntawm tiv thaiv pwm. Tshwj xeeb tebchaw uas thaum ntxiv rau tus number case rau neutralize lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub pwm. Qhov no creosote thiab formalin, salicylic acid.

Raws li koj tau pom, nyob tus yeees ntawm tus number case yog tsis yooj yim. Yog hais tias koj yog fond ntawm Science News for KIDS, ces nws yuav tsum tau rov qab ua nws nyob rau hauv tsev. Txawm li cas los, lub loj lo lus nug yog seb nws yog lub sij hawm-siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav tias yuav tus nqi ntawm ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv ib lub khw chaw ua hauj lwm cov khoom siv thiab noj.