Dzheyms Dzhoul: biography, scientific discoveries

Tej zaum yog tsis muaj tus txiv neej uas tsis paub lub npe ntawm Dzheyms Dzhoul. Qhib ntawm physics thov qhov txhia chaw. Txoj kev yog ib tus paub txog? Yuav ua li cas discoveries nws ua?

Lub neej ntawm lub eminent physicist

Hlis ntuj nqeg 24, 1818 yug Dzheyms Dzhoul. Biography yav tom ntej physics pib nyob rau hauv cov lus Askiv lub zos ntawm Salford, nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ntawm tus tswv ntawm ib tug muaj kev vam meej tsev ua npiav. Tub kawm no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tsev, thaum physics thiab Science News for KIDS nws qhia Dzhon Dalton. Ua tsaug rau nws, cov lus Askiv physicist, thiab poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog science.

Joel tsis muaj noj qab nyob zoo, ib tug ntau ntawm lub sij hawm nws zaum nyob rau ntawm lub tsev, kev lub cev ntsuam xyuas thiab thwmsim. Twb tau nyob rau 15 xyoo, vim nws tus txiv muaj mob, nws yuav tsum tau tswj lub tsev ua npiav nrog nws kwv nws tij. Ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws txiv lub Hoobkas ua nws tsis yooj yim sua mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv, li ntawd, Dzheyms Dzhoul yog nkaus muab rau lub tsev kuaj.

Los ntawm 1838 mus 1847 tus physicist nquag kawm hluav taws xob thiab ua rau nws cov thawj scientific achievements. Cov phau ntawv journal annals ntawm Hluav taws xob, nws luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm hais txog cov hluav taws xob, thiab nyob rau hauv 1841 qhib ib tug tshiab lub cev txoj cai uas tam sim no tim nws lub npe.

Nyob rau hauv 1847, Joel xaus thawj zaug thiab tsuas sib yuav nrog Ameliey Grayms. Tsis ntev lawv yug Elis Ameliya thiab Bendzhamin Artur. Nyob rau hauv 1854, kuv tus poj niam thiab tus tub raug tua. Joel nws tus kheej tuag nyob rau hauv 1889 nyob rau hauv ces, nyob rau hauv Salem.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws lub neej nws luam tawm hais txog 97 ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv physics, ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj sau nyob rau hauv kev sib koom tes nrog rau lwm cov kws tshawb fawb: .. Lyon, Thomson, thiab lwm yam rau koj scientific achievements thiab qhib cov kev cai ntawm physics, nws twb muab ob peb medals thiab tau txais ib lub neej nyiaj laus los ntawm cov British tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov txog 200 phaus.

Tus thawj ua hauj lwm thiab thwmsim

Saib cov chav xyaw rau nws txiv lub tsev ua npiav, Dzheyms Dzhoul txiav txim siab los hloov lawv nrog hluav taws xob rau efficiency. Nyob rau hauv 1838 nws luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug scientific phau ntawv journal tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv uas nws pleev xim rau ntaus lawv invented lub electromagnetic lub cev muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv 1840, lub tsev ua npiav, tshiab electric motors thiab physicists tseem kawm fais tam sim no thiab thaum tshav kub kub tso tawm. Tom qab ntawd nws muab tawm hais tias lub chav xyaw tau ntau npaum li.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub thwmsim, Joule tsim thermometers uas yuav ntsuas kub rau hauv 1/200 ntawm ib tug degree. Qhov no tso cai rau nws mus delve rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub Joule nyhuv. Nyob rau hauv 1840, ua tsaug rau qhov ntev-ntau soj, ib tug physicist no lub magnetic saturation nyhuv. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws yuav xa mus rau lub noob nom noob tswv Society ntawv "Nyob rau hauv Tsim los ntawm tshav kub los ntawm txoj kev hluav taws xob tam sim no." Cov tsab xov xwm twb tsis ris txiaj ntsim. Luam tawm nws pom zoo xwb Manchester Literary thiab Philosophical magazine.

Joule-Lenz

Unrecognized London Scientific Society tsab xov xwm tom qab muaj pov thawj yuav tsum yog ib ntawm lub ntsiab tau ntawm tus paub txog. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm Dzheyms Dzhoul tham txog cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tam sim no thiab cov nqi ntawm tshav kub tiam. Nws sib cav hais tias tus nqi ntawm tshav kub uas yog tso tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg xyuas pib yog ncaj qha proportional rau tus kuj tus neeg xyuas pib, lub xwmfab ntawm lub qhov ntau thiab lub sij hawm ntawm lub tso cai ntawm tam sim no.

Thaum lub sij hawm no, xws li ib tug kev tshawb xav tsim Emiliy Lents. Lub fact tias cov conductivity ntawm ib tug metallic neeg xyuas pib nyob rau hauv lub kub, lub Lavxias teb sab physicist sab li thaum ntxov raws li 1832. Yuav kom meej seb puas muaj tus kub nyob rau hauv tus neeg xyuas pib paub txog invented ib tug tshwj xeeb lub thawv, uas yog lawm ua tus sau nrog cawv. Hlau los ntawm kev uas ib tug tam sim no yog poob mus rau hauv cov hlab. Tom ntej no nws yuav khiav ntawm ntev npaum li cas cawv puv. Dzheyms Preskott Joule siv ib tug zoo xws li cov txoj kev, tab sis raws li ib tug kua siv dej.

Cov qhabnias ntawm xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb Lenz luam tawm xwb nyob rau hauv 1843, tab sis nws ua hauj lwm yog ntau yog cov kws tshawb fawb tshaj lub Joule, ua hauj lwm uas thaum xub thawj yeej tsis tau xav sau. Muab lub primacy ntawm Joule thiab yog suav Emiliya Lentsa, nws twb txiav txim siab mus rau npe rau hauv txoj cai nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm ob leeg. Thaum lub sij hawm, lub Joule-Lenz pib thermodynamics.

magnetostriction

Nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus nrog lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no Dzheyms Dzhoul kawm magnetic phenomena. Nyob rau hauv 1842, nws hais tias, hais tias hlau txawv nyob rau hauv loj nyob rau hauv tus ntawm magnetic tsis. Yog hais tias cov hlau rods muab tso nyob rau hauv ib tug sib nqus teb, nws ntev yuav tsum yog ib tug me ntsis ntau.

Qhov scientific lub zej lub zos tsis ntseeg lub hav zoov no ntawm ib tug qhib. Hloov qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov rods yog li ntawd tsis tseem ceeb txaus hais tias nws yog tsis ntaus nqi los ntawm cov tib neeg qhov muag nws. Tab sis lub physicist tau tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb cov txheej txheem los ntawm cov uas tau txais ua pov thawj.

Tom qab ntawd nws muab tawm hais tias qhov no ua rau muaj lwm yam co, thiab cov phenomenon hu ua magnetostriction. Tam sim no mus qhib lub Joule pom ntau yam kev siv. Piv txwv li, lub waveguide khoom los ntsuas cov dej theem nyob rau hauv lub tso tsheb hlau luam yog magnetostrictive hlau. Qhov no tshwm sim yog siv rau qhov siv thiab ua cov ntawv thov nyob rau hauv antikrazhevyh systems.

Sim kawm nrog roj

Nyob rau hauv lub 40s Dzheyms Dzhoul yog nquag kawm lub zog ntawm cov roj, uas yog lub phenomena txuam nrog nws cov expansion thiab contraction. Nws ua thwmsim nrog lub extension ntawm lub tawm roj, yog li ua pov thawj hais tias nws cov internal zog tsis yog nyob ntawm seb ntim. Tseem ceeb tsuas yog cov roj kub.

Nyob rau hauv 1848, Joel thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm physics los ntsuas cov kev ceev ntawm lub gas molecules. Qhov no yog rau hauv thaum ntxov ua hauj lwm rau lub kinetic kev tshawb xav ntawm gases, muab impetus rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no. Joule tom qab ua hauj lwm txuas ntxiv qhov Scot Dzheyms Maksvell.

Rau nws tseem ceeb scientific pab nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm cov lus Askiv physicist lub npe hu ua lub tsev ntawm qhov chaw ua hauj lwm, thiab tus nqi ntawm tshav kub zog - Joule.

Joule thiab Thomson

Ib tug tej yam loj loj nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub ntawm lub Joule thiab nws paub nyob rau hauv lub scientific ntiaj teb no muaj Uilyam Tomson. Zaum tau ntsib nyob rau hauv 1847 thaum Joel twb sawv cev los ntawm lub British Association ntawm Zaum daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv cov kev ntsuas ntawm tus neeg kho tshuab sib npaug ntawm tshav kub.

Ua ntej Thomson Joule yog tsis npaum li cas tiag nyob rau hauv scientific voj voog. Leej twg paub, tej zaum peb yuav tsis tau paub tias nws nrhiav tau cov kev cai ntawm physics, yog Uilyam Tomas tsis tau piav rau lawv txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm "snobs" ntawm lub British zej zog.

Ua ke physics zog kawm gas qhib, hais tias cov pa roj yog txias los ntawm tus adiabatic throttling. Hais tias yog, qhov kub ntawm cov roj (los yog kua) yog txo lub sij hawm cov zaj los ntawm cov orifice (insulated valve). Phenomenon yog hu ua Joule-Thomson nyhuv. Tam sim no qhov no tshwm sim yog siv los nrhiav tau uas tsis muaj peevxwm.

Zaum kuj koom nyob rau hauv ib tug thermodynamic scale, npe hu ua tom qab lub npe ntawm Tswv Kelvin, uas sawv daws khoom ib rau William Thomson.

Recognition ntawm James Joule

Koob meej thiab paub tsis tau overtaken lub British physicist. Nyob rau hauv 50-ies ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua, nws los ua ib tug mej zeej ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv Society thiab twb muab tsub lub noob nom noob tswv Puav pheej. Nyob rau hauv 1866 nws tau txais lub Copley Puav pheej, thiab ces Albert Puav pheej.

Ob peb lub sij hawm Joule los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub British Science Association. Nws twb muab cov kev kawm degree ntawm tus kws kho mob ntawm txoj cai lij choj nyob rau hauv College Dublin, Edinburgh thiab Oxford universities.

Nyob rau hauv nws yawm ib tug pej thuam nyob rau hauv lub zos nrog nyob rau hauv Manchester thiab ib tug memorial nyob rau hauv Westminster Abbey. Nyob rau hauv rov qab sab ntawm lub hli ua qab yias tshwm sim James Joule.

xaus

Cov naas ej tus paub txog, uas nws lub npe yog hu ua cov kev cai ntawm physics thiab cov chav nyob yuav tsis tau txais. Ua tsaug rau nws perseverance thiab zog ua hauj lwm, nws tsis ua xyem xyav los heev heev failures. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg nws muaj pov thawj txoj cai nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub hnub, los yog tsawg kawg ib tug lunar kev ua qab yias.