Electrolysis tshuaj: hauj lwm, txoj kev siv cov

Hu electrolysis txheej txheem, yus redox khoom nyob rau hauv kev sib hwm ntawm cov constituent ntsiab ntawm ntsev thiab lwm yam sib txuas tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub qhuav los yog cov tshuaj, los ntawm xeem dhau hluav taws xob tam sim no los ntawm lawv.

Los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm electrolysis tej zaum yuav ua hlau thiab nonmetals, yus muaj los ntawm high degree ntawm tshuaj purity. Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog yus muaj los ntawm simplicity thiab cuag, nws yog txawm tau qauv nyob rau hauv tsev. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ib tug qhov chaw ntawm qhov hluav taws xob tam sim no, ib tug khub ntawm electrodes thiab ib tug ntsha npaj ua ntej. Cov yooj yim tshaj plaws feature ntawm electrolytes yog lawv muaj peev xwm rau kev hluav taws xob tam sim no.

Paub qhov txawv electrolysis ntawm kev daws thiab melts ntawm ntsev, ntawm ib tug tag nrho kev zoo sib thooj lawv muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm qhov sib txawv. Nqa tawm lub electrolysis ntawm kev daws, koj yuav tsum xav txog kev koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem thiab kuab ions. Electrolysis ntawm melts yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm xwb cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm lub ions.

Yuav kom muab tau cov kev kawm product (seb hlau, roj, los yog tej uas tsis yog-hlau) uas saib xyuas cov kev xaiv ntawm ib tug haum electrode thiab kev npaj ntawm lub duas paub ntsha.

Cov khoom siv rau lub electrode yuav pab raws li yog ib tug neeg xyuas pib ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, siv hlau, alloys, cov nonmetal kev kawm zoo li ib tug electrode yuav qhia graphite rods (carbon). Heev tsawg, tab sis lub npe hu hauj dlaws, nyob rau hauv uas cov khoom rau cov electrodes yog kua.

Txhua yam yog npaj txhij mus nqa tawm electrolysis ntawm ntsev daws teeb meem. Qhov zoo electrode yog hu ua tus anode. Rau qhov tsis zoo electrode coj los - lub cathode. Los ntawm electrolysis tshuaj, ib tug anode oxidized (yaj), thiab tus cathode yog rov qab los. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hais tias "nyias mus nyias" ntawm lub anode muaj tsis ntxim rau cov tshuaj uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj (yaj). Txwv tsis pub - qhov yooj yim mob rau lub anode yog nws inertness. Qhov tseeb tiag mas, nws yuav tsum ua los ntawm platinum, tab sis lub graphite (carbon) anodes kuj zoo heev.

Rau cov cathode yuav haum yuav luag txhua hlau phaj (nws yuav tsis yaj). Tooj, tooj dag, carbon (graphite), zinc, hlau, txhuas cathodes yog lug siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kev lag luam.

Los ntawm electrolysis kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub tsev, los ntawm zoo seem ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau yam tshuaj xws li cov pa, tshuaj chlorine ua, hydrogen, tooj liab, los yog alkali tsis muaj zog acid, sulfur. Tsis txhob ua phem rau lub thwmsim nrog chlorine - nws yog lom!

Rau zus tau tej cov pa thiab hydrogen yuav tsum tau raug mus rau electrolysis tov ntawm ci dej qab zib (lwm - dej qab zib tshauv). Ze electrode "+" (anode) yog cais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov npuas oxygen nyob rau cathode ( "-") - hydrogen. Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog vim li cas hydrogen rov qab tshwm sim es tsis txhob ntawm sodium li yuav lam xav teb yuav pom: nyob rau hauv lub series Na hlau nyuaj siab tseem tshuav H2, ntsig txog, nyob rau hauv cov kev sib tw ntawm ob cations hydrogen yeej sodium. Nyob rau hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv no, peb tau pom cov electrolysis tshuaj, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muab rau hauv lub electrolysis ntawm lub hnyav (dej).

Siv raws li lub ntsha tov ntawm tooj liab sulfate, peb tau rau ntawm lub cathode tsaus liab quav hniav, uas yog ib tug dawb huv hlau, rov qab tooj liab.

Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm ob thwmsim rau electrolysis yuav ua ib co kwvyees. Zoo anode ua ib tug qhov chaw rau rov qab los ntawm anions, nyob rau hauv ob lub saum toj no tus neeg mob tias, nws muab tau oxygen. Thaum lub cathode, recovering cov cations ntawm hydrogen muaj pov thawj nyob rau hauv peb thwmsim - nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, tooj liab - nyob rau hauv lub thib ob. Feem ntau, cov cations yog hlau los yog hydrogen, tab sis nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub tej zaum lawv yuav tig tawm mus rau yuav tsis-hlau thiab roj cua. Cov oxidation lub xeev ntawm lub caij plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub rov qab txheej txheem.