Fusion reactors nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tus thawj fusion reactor

Niaj hnub no, ntau lub teb chaws noj ib feem nyob rau hauv fusion kev tshawb fawb. Cov thawj coj yog cov European Union, lub tebchaws United States, Russia thiab Nyiv, thaum Tuam Tshoj tus qhov kev pab cuam, Brazil, Canada Teb thiab Kauslim Teb nce sai heev. Chiv, fusion reactors nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab cov Soviet Union muaj tau txuas mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm nuclear riam phom thiab tseem tsis pub leejtwg paub mus txog rau thaum lub rooj sib tham "atoms rau kev sib haum xeeb", uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv Geneva nyob rau hauv 1958. Tom qab cov creation ntawm lub Soviet tokamak kev tshawb fawb ntawm nuclear fusion nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1970 nws tau ua "loj science". Tab sis cov nqi thiab complexity ntawm lub pab kiag li lawm tau ntau zog rau lub point hais tias thoob ntiaj teb kev koom tes yog tus tsuas yog lub sij hawm mus yav tom ntej.

Fusion reactors nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no

Txij thaum xyoo 1970, thaum pib ntawm lub coj mus muag siv fusion zog yog lossi muab ncua rau 40 xyoo. Txawm li cas los, ntau tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, ua rau lub sij hawm no tej zaum yuav tsum tau shortened.

Ua ob peb tokamaks, nrog rau cov DAV HLAU European, British thiab MAST- thermonuclear Seb Reactor TFTR nyob rau hauv Princeton, USA. Lub thoob ntiaj teb Taug kev los rau peb tes num yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho nyob rau hauv Cadarache, Fabkis. Nws yuav ua tus loj tshaj plaws tokamak uas yuav ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 2020. Nyob rau hauv 2030, Tuam Tshoj yuav tsum ua CFETR, uas yuav tshaj lub Taug. Meanwhile, Tuam Tshoj ua kev tshawb fawb rau ib sim superconducting tokamak EAST.

Fusion reactors lwm hom - stellarators - kuj nrov ntawm kev soj ntsuam. Ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws, LHD, tuaj koom lub Japanese National lub koom haum rau Fusion nyob rau hauv 1998. Nws yog siv los nrhiav rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws configuration ntawm cov magnetic ntshav twj ywm. German Max Planck koom haum rau lub sij hawm los ntawm 1988 mus 2002, ua kev tshawb fawb rau cov Wendelstein 7-AS reactor nyob rau hauv Garching, thiab tam sim no - nyob rau hauv Wendelstein 7-X, qhov kev siv ntawm cov uas ntawd kub ntev li ntau tshaj 19 xyoo. Lwm stellarator TJII ua nyob rau hauv Madrid, Spain. Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States Princeton kuaj ntshav physics (PPPL), qhov uas nws ua tus thawj nuclear fusion reactor ntawm no hom nyob rau hauv 1951, nyob rau hauv 2008 nws nres qhov kev siv ntawm NCSX vim nqi overruns thiab tsis muaj cov nyiaj txiag.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tseem ceeb kom tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm inertial fusion. Tsev National Ignition Chaw (NIF) muaj nqis txog $ 7 billion nyob rau Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), nyiaj los ntawm lub National Nuclear Security Administration, tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 2009, lub Fabkis Laser Mégajoule (LMJ) pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj 2014. Fusion reactors siv lasers tauj nyob rau hauv ib ob peb billionths ntawm ib tug thib ob kwv yees li 2 lab joules ntawm lub teeb zog ntawm ib lub hom phiaj loj ntawm ob peb millimeters mus pib nuclear fusion. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm NIF thiab LMJ yog kev tshawb fawb los pab txhawb lub teb chaws nuclear riam phom pab cuam.

Taug kev los rau

Nyob rau hauv 1985, lub Soviet Union npaj los tsim kom tau ib tug tom ntej no tiam tokamak ua ke nrog cov teb chaws Europe, Nyiv thiab lub tebchaws United States. Cov ua hauj lwm twb ua nyob rau hauv cov auspices ntawm lub IAEA. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1988 mus 1990 nws tau tsim thawj drafts ntawm lub International thermonuclear Seb Reactor lub Taug kev, uas kuj txhais tau tias "txoj kev" los yog "mus ncig teb chaws" nyob rau hauv Latin, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua pov thawj tias fusion muaj peev xwm tsim ntau zog dua nws absorbs. Canada thiab Kazakhstan coj ib feem kho hom haum xeeb los ntawm Euratom thiab Russia, ntsig txog.

Tom qab 6 xyoo Taug kev los rau sawv daws pom zoo thawj complex reactor tsim raws li tsim physics thiab technology nqi $ 6 billion. Ces tus US thau los ntawm cov pawg, uas yuam kom cais cov nqi thiab hloov peb tes num. Cov tshwm sim yog lub Taug kev-feat nqi $ 3 billion., Tab sis koj muaj peev xwm ua tau ib tug self-sustaining cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab qhov zoo tshuav nyiaj li cas ntawm lub hwj chim.

Nyob rau hauv 2003, lub tebchaws United States ib zaug dua tuaj koom lub Consortium, thiab Tuam Tshoj tshaj tawm lawv txoj kev xav koom nrog nyob rau hauv nws. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-2005, cov neeg uas nrog pom zoo rau qhov kev siv ntawm Taug kev los rau ntawm Cadarache nyob rau hauv yav qab teb Fabkis. EU thiab Fabkis tau ua ib nrab ntawm cov EUR 12,8 billion, thaum Nyiv, Tuam Tshoj, South Kauslim, lub teb chaws As Mes Lis Kas thiab Russia - 10% txhua. Nyiv muab siab Cheebtsam muaj installation nqi IFMIF 1 billion npaj rau cov kev xeem ntaub ntawv thiab muaj txoj cai los txhim tsa tom ntej no mus kuaj reactor. Cov tag nrho cov nqi ntawm Taug kev los rau muaj xws li ib nrab ntawm cov nqi ntawm ib tug 10-xyoo siv thiab ib nrab - on 20 xyoo ntawm lub lag luam. Is Nrias teb los ua lub xya tug tswv cuab ntawm Taug kev los rau nyob rau hauv lig 2005

Lub thwmsim yog mus pib nyob rau hauv 2018 nrog rau kev siv hydrogen nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob muaj qhov ua kom ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Siv cov DT ntshav yog tsis xav ua ntej 2026

Purpose Taug - tsim ib tug 500 megawatt (yam tsawg kawg yog 400 vib nas this) siv tsawg tshaj 50 mW tswv yim hwj chim tsis generating hluav taws xob.

Dvuhgigavattnaya Demo ua qauv qhia cog yuav tsim loj-scale zus tau tej cov hluav taws xob rau ib tug mus tas lub hauv paus. Demo conceptual tsim yuav tau ua kom tiav los ntawm 2017, thiab nws siv yuav pib nyob rau hauv 2024. Start yuav muab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 2033.

DAV HLAU

Nyob rau hauv xyoo 1978, cov EU (Euratom, Sweden thiab Switzerland) tau pib ib qho kev sib koom European DAV HLAU project nyob rau hauv lub UK. DAV HLAU yog tam sim no tus loj tshaj plaws kev khiav hauj lwm tokamak nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Xws li ib tug reactor JT-60 ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Japanese National Institute ntawm fusion, tiam sis tsuas yog DAV HLAU tej zaum yuav siv lub deuterium-tritium roj.

Lub reactor twb launched nyob rau hauv 1983 thiab yog thawj xyaum ua tej yam nyob rau hauv uas tswj thermonuclear fusion 16 MW twb muaj nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1991 rau ib tug thib ob 5 MW thiab ruaj khov hwj chim rau tus deuterium-tritium ntshav. Muaj ntau thwmsim tau ua mus kawm qhov sib txawv cua kub circuits thiab lwm hom kev kawm.

Ntxiv txhim kho txhawj txog lub DAV HLAU rau kom nws cov peev xwm. MAST- compact reactor yog tsim nrog DAV HLAU thiab Taug yog ib feem ntawm qhov kev tsim.

K-STAR

K-STAR - Korean superconducting tokamak National lub koom haum rau Fusion Studies (NFRI) nyob rau hauv Daejeon, uas ua nws cov thawj ntshav nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-2008. Qhov no yog ib tug tsav project Taug, uas yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm thoob ntiaj teb kev koom tes. Tokamak voos kheej-kheej ntawm 1.8 m - thawj reactor ua hauj lwm superconducting hlau nplaum Nb3Sn, tib tug uas yuav raug siv nyob rau hauv lub Taug. Thaum lub sij hawm thawj theem, uas twb nyob rau hauv 2012, K-STAR muaj los ua pov thawj rau hauv lub nqi ntawm yooj yim technologies thiab mus cuag ntshav mem tes ntev mus rau 20 vib nas this. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob theem (2013-2017) yog nqa tawm mus kawm cov Modernization ntev pulses ntawm mus txog 300 s nyob rau hauv H hom, thiab hloov mus rau heev AT-hom. Lub hom phiaj ntawm peb theem (2018-2023) yog mus cuag kev kawm ntawv siab thiab efficiency nyob rau hauv lub ntev mem tes hom. Nyob rau hauv kauj ruam 4 (2023-2025) yuav tau soj ntsuam kuaj DEMO technology. Tus ntaus ntawv yog tsis muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm nrog tritium DT thiab roj siv.

K-DEMO

Tsim nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog cov Princeton Ntshav Physics Laboratory (PPPL) US Department of Energy thiab rau sab qab zog Korean lub koom haum NFRI, K-DEMO yuav tsum yog tus kauj ruam tom ntej ntawm lub creation ntawm coj mus muag reactors tom qab lub Taug kev, thiab yuav ua tau tus thawj fais fab nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm ntawm generating hwj chim rau tus hluav taws xob daim phiaj, uas yog, 1 lab kilowatts mus rau ib tug ob peb lub lis piam. Nws txoj kab uas hla yuav 6,65 m, thiab nws yuav muaj ib daim pam module generated los ntawm peb tes num DEMO. Qhov Ministry of Education, Science thiab Technology ntawm Kauslim npaj rau kev mus nqis peev pab rau nws hais txog ib trillion Korean Yeej ($ 941 million).

Sab hnub poob

Suav tsav zoo superconducting tokamak (Sab hnub poob) nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm Physics nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj Hefee tsim hydrogen ntshav kub 50 lab ° C thiab khaws cia nws rau 102 vib nas this.

TFTR

Cov American kuaj PPPL sim thermonuclear reactor TFTR ua hauj lwm los ntawm 1982 mus 1997. Nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1993, nws tau los ua tus thawj TFTR magnetic tokamak, uas ua rau nws kim heev thwmsim nrog ib tug ntshav ntawm deuterium-tritium. Nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no, lub reactor ua cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sij hawm tswj hwj chim 10.7 MW, thiab nyob rau hauv 1995, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov kub twb tiav ionized roj rau 510 lab ° C. Txawm li cas los, cov installation tsis kawm tau ntawv zoo breakeven fusion lub hwj chim, tab sis yog ntse ua tiav raws li lub hom phiaj uas npaj cov kev kho vajtse, ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau Taug.

LHD

LHD nyob rau hauv lub Japanese National lub koom haum rau nuclear fusion nyob rau hauv Toki, Gifu Prefecture, yog cov coob stellarator nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Pib lub fusion reactor coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1998, thiab nws tau pom qhov zoo ntawm ntshav twj ywm, piv rau lwm yam loj sib. Nws twb mus txog 13,5 Kev ion kub (txog 160 lab ° C) thiab lub zog ntawm 1,44 MJ.

Wendelstein 7-X

Tom qab ib xyoos ntawm kev soj ntsuam, pib nyob rau hauv lig 2015, cov Helium kub nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm tau mus txog 1 million ° C. Nyob rau hauv 2016 Lub thermonuclear reactor nrog ib tug hydrogen ntshav siv ib tug 2 MW, qhov kub thiab txias mus txog 80 lab ° C rau ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm ib tug thib ob. W7-X stellarator yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thiab yog npaj yuav nyob rau hauv lub lag luam nruam rau 30 feeb. Tus nqi ntawm cov reactor cas rau € 1 billion.

NIF

National Ignition Chaw (NIF) nyob rau hauv tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 2009, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) xyoo. Siv nws 192 laser beams, lub NIF muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm ywm 60 lub sij hawm ntau zog dua yav dhau los laser system.

Khaub thuas fusion

Nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1989, ob tug soj ntsuam ntawm, American Stenli Pons thiab Martin Fleischmann Briton, hais tias lawv muaj launched ib tug yooj yim desktop txias fusion reactor, kev khiav hauj lwm ntawm chav tsev kub. Cov txheej txheem muaj nyob rau hauv electrolysis ntawm hnyav dej siv ib tug palladium electrode nyob rau hauv uas deuterium nuclei tau feeb meej nrog ib tug kub ceev. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm hais lus cam uas ua tshav kub, uas yuav tsum tau piav qhia xwb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nuclear dab, raws li tau zoo raws li muaj sab cov khoom ntawm synthesis, xws li Helium, tritium thiab neutrons. Txawm li cas los, lwm yam experimenters ua tsis tau tejyam rau replicate no. Feem ntau ntawm cov kev zej zog tsis ntseeg tias txias fusion reactors yog tiag tiag.

Tsawg-zog nuclear tshua

Chiv los ntawm lub neeg pab leg ntaubntawv ntawm "khaub thuas fusion" kev tshawb fawb ntxiv mus tias nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm tsis muaj zog nuclear tshua, nrog ib co empirical them nyiaj yug, tab sis yog tsis lees scientific piav. Evidently, tsis muaj zog nuclear kev sib tshuam (thiab tsis yog ib tug muaj zog quab yuam, raws li nyob rau hauv nuclear fission los yog synthesis) yog siv los tsim thiab capture ntawm neutrons. Sim kawm muaj xws li allergic ntawm hydrogen los yog deuterium los ntawm cov catalyst txaj thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov hlau. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm qhia txog qhov kev cai zog tso. Lub ntsiab tswv yim piv txwv yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hydrogen nrog ib tug npib tsib xee hmoov nrog lub tshav kub, tus xov tooj uas yog ntau tshaj yuav muab tej yam tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.