Quasar - qhov no yog ... Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug quasar?

Thaum ib tug deb ntawm 2 billion teeb-xyoo deb ntawm peb lub tsev yog lub feem ntau haib thiab cov kwv nyob rau hauv lub ntug tag nrho. Quasar - ib tug dazzling beam ntawm lub zog, qhov ntev ntawm uas muaj nqi mus rau ob peb billion kilometers. Zaum tsis muaj kom txog thaum lub kawg ntawm txoj kev tshawb no.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug quasar

Niaj hnub no, astronomers ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog ua kom kawm quasars, lawv cov keeb kwm thiab muaj nuj nqi. Heev heev cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias cov quasar - ib tug loj heev, infinitely tsiv los cov pa nkev boiler. Cov haib zog qhov kwv yog sab hauv, nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm ib tug quasar. Qhov no yog ib tug lossis loj dub qhov. Quasar nyhav li ntau li ntau luj billions ntawm suns.

Quasar absorbs txhua yam uas los nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev. Cov dub qhov smashes tag nrho cov hnub qub thiab galaxies, ib co kab lawv inward li ntev raws li lawv muaj tsis tag erased, thiab tsis yaj nyob rau hauv nws. Rau hnub tim, ib tug quasar - nws yog qhov phem tshaj plaws uas yuav tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntug.

Sib sib zog nqus ntuj khoom

Quasars - lub feem ntau nyob deb thiab brightest khoom nyob rau hauv lub npe hu ntug los ntawm noob neej. Nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, zaum ntseeg lawv mloog xov tooj cua cov hnub qub, raws li lawv tau pom nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm muaj zog cov xov tooj cua tsis. Lub sij hawm "quasar" yog muab los ntawm cov kab lus "quasi-stellar xov tooj cua qhov twg los". Koj tseem yuav nrhiav tau lub npe ntawm tus QSOs nyob rau hauv lub heev heev tej hauj lwm ntawm zaum txog qhov chaw. Teb raws li lub hwj chim ntawm optical telescopes yog ntau npaum li cas, astronomers nrhiav tau hais tias cov quasar - nws tsis yog ib lub hnub qub, thiab lub hnub qub zoo li tus yam twj paj nruas tsis paub hais tias kev kawm.

Nws yog assumed tias lub xov tooj cua emission los tsis yog los ntawm lub quasar, thiab los ntawm cov rays uas nws yog surrounded. Quasars tseem yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov mysterious khoom, uas muaj nyob deb tshaj li lub galaxy. Rau hnub tim, heev ob peb cov neeg muaj peev xwm qhia rau peb txog quasars. Yuav ua li cas yog nws thiab yuav ua li cas los mus tsim cov vaj xilethi-aus lub cev yuav tsum tau teb tsuas yog cov feem ntau tej astronomers thiab kws tshawb fawb. Qhov tshaj plaws xwb los ua pov thawj hais tias quasars emit lossis loj nyiaj ntawm lub zog. Nws yog ib tug uas emit 3 lab suns! Ib txhia quasars emit 100 lub sij hawm ntau zog dua tag nrho cov hnub qub nyob rau hauv peb galaxy. Nws yog nthuav tias tag nrho cov saum toj no quasar yog ib tug taw tes kwv yees li sib npaug zos rau lub hnub ci system.

Thiab tus nqi ntawm hluav taws xob ntawm quasars

Ib co kua nplaum ua ntej galaxies twb pom ib ncig ntawm quasar. Yuav kom paub txog rau lawv raws li cov khoom uas redshift, uas yog electromagnetic tawg nrog lub xov tooj cua tsis thiab pom lub teeb, thiab muaj ib tug heev me me angular qhov ntev. Tej yam zoo rau lub foundations ntawm quasars twb tsis tau tso cai los qhia rau lawv cov hnub qub - point qhov chaw. On qhov tsis tooj, ncua qhov chaw es sib haum mus rau qhov zoo ntawm galaxies. Kev sib piv, lub coefficient ntawm qhov nruab nrab nqi ntawm cov brightest quasar yog 12.6, thiab cov brightest hnub qub - 1,45.

Qhov twg yog qhov mysterious xilethi-aus khoom

Dub qhov, pulsars thiab quasars yog heev nyob deb deb ntawm peb. Lawv yog cov feem ntau nyob deb xilethi-aus lub cev nyob rau hauv lub ntug. Quasars yog cov coob infrared tawg. Los ntawm spectral tsom xam astronomers tau los mus txiav txim cov kev ceev ntawm lub zog ntawm ntau yam khoom, qhov kev ncua deb nruab nrab ntawm lawv thiab nruab nrab ntawm lawv thiab lub ntiaj teb.

Yog hais tias cov tawg ntawm lub quasar yog xim liab, nws txhais tau tias nws yog tsiv nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Qhov ntau liab - lub deb lub quasar thiab nws ceev nce. Tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov quasars yog tsiv ntawm heev speeds, uas nyob rau hauv lem hloov mus ib txhis. Nws yog muaj pov thawj hais tias tus tshaj tawm los ntawm quasars los mus rau theem ntawm 240 txhiab. Km / sec., Uas yog yuav luag 80% ntawm cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb!

Peb yuav tsis pom niaj hnub quasars

Txij li thaum nws yog lub feem ntau nyob deb ntawm peb tej khoom, tab sis hnub no peb pom lawv taw uas tshwm sim billions xyoo dhau los. Txij li thaum lub teeb xwb kev tswj kom tau mus rau peb lub ntiaj teb. Feem ntau cov yuav, lub feem ntau nyob deb npaum, thiab yog li ntawd lub feem ntau ancient quasars yog cia li hais tias. Chaw pub rau peb saib lawv raws li lawv tsuas yog hais txog 10 billion xyoo dhau los. Peb yuav xav hais tias ib co ntawm lawv twb mus nyob qhovtwg li.

Yuav ua li cas yog quasar

Txawm tias qhov no tshwm sim yog kawm thiab yog tsis txaus, tab sis, raws li ua ntej cov ntaub ntawv, ib tug quasar - ib tug lossis loj dub qhov. Nws niam accelerates nws txav thaum lub funnel qhov delaying qhov teeb meem, uas ua rau yus cua kub ntawm tus hais, lawv rubbing tiv thaiv txhua lwm yam thiab kev txom zog ntawm tus general loj ntawm qhov teeb meem. Ceev molecules nrog txhua quasar yuav qhia thib ob thiab ntau dua kub. Muaj zog txhuam ntawm tus hais thiab txiav txim seb qhov qee ntawm cov nqi loj loj ntawm lub teeb thiab lwm yam hom ntawm hluav taws xob, xws li piv txwv li X-rays. Txhua xyoo dub qhov yuav nqus ib tug loj ntawm ib tug peb hnub. Thaum nruj rau hauv ib cov vortex loj yog absorbed, lub zog tso yuav kis tau tawg nyob rau hauv ob cov lus qhia: raws sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb ncej ntawm lub quasar. Astronomers hu no txawv txawv "qhov chaw lub dav hlau".

Tsis ntev los no cov tswvyim ntawm astronomers qhia tias feem ntau ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub ntuj rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm elliptical galaxies. Raws li ib tug kev tshawb xav ntawm keeb kwm quasar, lawv tseem hluas galaxy nyob rau hauv uas loj heev dub qhov absorbs cov av puag ncig substance. Cov founders ntawm txoj kev tshawb xav hais tias cov tawg qhov chaw ua accretion disk uas qhov. Nws yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub galaxy, thiab nws hais ntxiv hais tias lub spectral liab ua haujlwm ntawm quasars tshaj cosmological raws nraim tus nqi ntawm cov gravitational ua haujlwm. Nws tau yav tas los kwv yees Einstein nyob rau hauv nws cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Relativity.

Quasars yog feem ntau yog muab piv rau cov beacons ntawm lub ntug. Lawv yuav tsum tau pom los ntawm cov deb deb, ua tsaug rau lawv kawm cov evolution thiab cov qauv. Siv cov "xilethi-aus beacon" kawm rau hauv lub tsev ntawm tej khoom rau cov kab ntawm pom. Namely, tus muaj zog spectral hydrogen haum kab yog hloov mus rau hauv kab ntawm liab ua haujlwm ntawm lub haum.

Zaum version ntawm quasars

Muaj lwm cov tswvyim. Quasar, raws li ib txhia kws tshawb fawb - yog tawm hluas galaxy. Evolution ntawm galaxies yog tsis zoo kawm, vim hais tias tib neeg yog npaum li cas yau dua lawv cov. Tej zaum quasars - qhov no thaum ntxov lub xeev ntawm cov tsim ntawm galaxies. Peb yuav xav hais tias qhov kev tso tawm ntawm lawv lub zog los ntawm tus yau active nuclei tshiab galaxies.

Lwm yam astronomers thiab ntseeg hais tias quasars yog cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob qhov twg lub tshiab teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub ntug originates. Lawv hypothesis proves lub caij nyoog rov qab ntawm ib tug dub qhov. Noob neej yuav tau ib tug ntau lub sij hawm mus tshawb cov Stigmata ntawm quasars.

paub quasars

Tus thawj ib sab quasar twb nrhiav tau los ntawm Matthews thiab Sandage nyob rau hauv 1960. Nws twb nyob rau hauv lub constellation Virgo. Feem ntau cov yuav, nws yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub 16th hnub qub ntawm no constellation. Tom qab peb lub xyoos, Mathews hais tias no kwv muaj ib tug loj loj liab spectral offset. Lub tsuas tau nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tiag hais tias nws tsis yog ib tug lub hnub qub, nws yog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm loj nyiaj ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv ib tus me me cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw.

tswvyim ntawm noob neej

Keeb kwm pib nrog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm quasars thiab ntsuas nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb kev pab cuam khees angular luaj li cas ntawm tej chaw.

Nyob rau hauv 1963 quasars tau suav txog 5. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, lub Dutch astronomers tau qhia lub spectral kab liab ua haujlwm ntawm lub spectrum. Lawv muaj pov thawj hais tias nws yog vim lub cosmological xaav raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv tshem tawm, ces tus nyob deb li cas yuav xam los ntawm cov Hubble txoj cai. Yuav luag tam sim ntawd, ob tug ntau zaum Yuri Efremov thiab A. Sharov sab brightness variability kuaj quasars. Vim photometric dluab, lawv pom hais tias tus variability ntawm cov zaus muaj ib ob hnub xwb.

Ib tug ntawm lub ze tshaj quasar (3 c, 273) muaj ib tug liab gloss thiab offset coj mus rau qhov kev ncua deb ntawm txog 3 mldr. teeb xyoo. Qhov tseem nyob deb khoom nyob rau hauv lub ntuj pua pua ntawm lub sij hawm sai tshaj li tib yam galaxies ci. Lawv yog cov yooj yim mus sau npe los ntawm txoj kev niaj hnub telescopes ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 12 billion teeb-xyoo los yog ntau tshaj. Nws twb nyuam qhuav kaw ib tug tshiab quasar ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 13,5 billion teeb xyoo los ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau xam raws nraim yuav ua li cas npaum li cas quasar pom rau hnub tim. Qhov no tshwm sim ob vim hais tias ntawm lub qhov discovery ntawm yam khoom tshiab, thiab vim hais tias ntawm cov tsis muaj ib tug ntshiab ciam ntawm lub active galaxies thiab quasars. Nyob rau hauv 1987 nws luam tawm ib daim ntawv teev ntawm cov sau npe quasars nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov 3594, nyob rau hauv 2005 muaj ntau tshaj li 195 txhiab., Tab sis hnub no lawv muaj pes tsawg tshaj 200 txhiab.

Chiv, lub sij hawm "quasar" yog hais txog ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov khoom uas yog pom (kho qhov muag) ntau yam yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau lub hnub qub. Tab sis lawv muaj ib co kev txawv no: lub muaj zog cov xov tooj cua emission thiab me me angular ntev (<10 ^0).

Qhov no thawj lub tswv yim ntawm cov lub cev tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lawv cov discovery. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb niaj hnub no, tsis tau zaum tau paub thiab radiospokoynye quasars. Lawv tsis tsim xws li ib tug muaj zog tawg. Raws li ntawm 2015, xws chaw qhia txog 90% ntawm tag nrho cov paub.

Niaj hnub no, lub Stigmata ntawm quasars yog txiav txim los ntawm lub zog ntawm tus liab spectrum. Yog hais tias lub cosmos pom ib tug lub cev muaj ib tug zoo li xaav thiab tso ib tug haib ndlwg ntawm lub zog, ces nws muaj txhua txhua caij nyoog yuav tau hu ua "quasar".

xaus

Rau hnub tim, astronomers muaj txog li ob txhiab ntawm cov vaj xilethi-aus lub cev. Lub ntsiab lub cuab tam rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm quasars yog lub Hubble chaw telescope. Txij li thaum lub kev kawm ntawm noob neej yuav tsis tsis haum nrog lawv cov kawm tau zoo, nws yuav lam xav tias nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej peb yuav daws tau qhov kev txhiaj txhais tau hais tias yog ib tug quasar thiab ib tug dub qhov. Tej zaum lawv yog ib hom ntawm "junk tub rau khoom" uas absorbs tag nrho cov ruaj khoom, thiab tej zaum lawv yog cov chaw zov me nyuam thiab lub zog ntawm lub ntug.