Tshuaj pleev kev sib txuas lus: txhais, yam ntxwv thiab nthuav tseeb

Yuav ib lub scientific theory biogeocoenose yog tsim los ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij Vladimir Sukachev. Nws muab ib tug kev characterization ntawm tej yam ntuj tso systems, thiab txog ntau yam hom ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ecosystem: nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, micro-kab. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev tshawb no loj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm biotic kev sib raug zoo tau ua lwm Lavxias teb sab zaum - V. Beklemishev uas qhia tau plaub hom ntawm lawv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov tshuaj pleev kev twb kev txuas - nws yog nyob rau hauv ecology ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov hom ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm tej yam ntuj tso lom ceg. Lawv yuav tsum xyuas nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov pawg

Ua ntej peb yuav kawm txog lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas cov tshuaj pleev bonds yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub biocenosis, nws yog tsim nyog mus ntsib nrog rau cov lom essence ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm tus Consortium. Nws yog hais txog rau qhov ntev-uas twb muaj lawm, interconnected kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob peb kab mob uas yog nyob rau hauv lub hom tsim tib neeg - consort. Cov ntau ces yuav tsum muaj tus kab mob nyob rau hauv no luag hauj lwm yog cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Lawv pab raws li cov tub ntxhais, muab cov neeg ntawm lwm hom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov zaub mov thiab kev tiv thaiv. Nyob nrws txheeb ze rau inkonsortu endokonsortami tej zaum yuav, piv txwv li, hloov los yog kab xev cua nab - cua nab cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Ekokonsorty - kab mob nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw (ib tug neeg, yog cov tub ntxhais ntawm, piv txwv li, sweeper ntses, inhabiting lub cev ntawm ib tug shark).

Yog hais tias lawv puav tuaj mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog inkonsortom, lawv hu ua ekzokonsortami (xws li zib muv sau paj ntoo los ntawm tej yam nroj tsuag tsiaj).

Trophic thiab tshuaj pleev vim muaj ntau yam consortia

Yog hais tias lub noob pob kws yog sawv cev los ntawm ib lub cev, nws yog hu ua ib tug neeg zej zog, thiab yog hais tias tag nrho cov pejxeem los yog txawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tag nrho cov hom, ces xws Consortium hu ua cov pejxeem. Trophic thiab tshuaj pleev kev sib txuas lus tshwm sim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sai sai nyob rau hauv cov tib neeg nyob rau hauv sinuzialnoy Consortium. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug ecobiomorphs - pab pawg neeg autotrophic kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm zoo xws li cov anatomical thiab physiological yam ntxwv thiab lub tsev zoo xws li cov abiotic tej yam kev mob. Piv txwv li, ib tug pab pawg neeg ntawm ntsis dej-hlub nroj tsuag kev faib gymnosperms - conifers (fir, spruce, larch), zus nyob rau hauv ib qho cheeb tsam - vaj tse ntaub ntawv sinuzialnuyu Consortium.

Cov hauj lwm ntawm Beklemisheva

Rau ib tug piav qhia ntawm tag nrho cov complex thiab ntau haiv neeg cov kab mob sib raug zoo sawv hauv biogeocoenose muab spatial arrangement ntawm hom txheeb ze rau ib leeg, Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij Beklemishev thov tshuaj pleev kev sib txuas lus lub sij hawm. Piv txwv illustrating lawv tsim, qhia tau tias ib co kab mob cuam tshuam lwm vim cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias, qhov tshwm sim yog ib tug tshuaj pleev sib txuas txias abiotic yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov ib puag ncig, uas yog, tus tsim ntawm ib tug nyob kab mob ntawm ib co kev physico-tshuaj tej yam kev mob rau lub hav zoov ntawm cov neeg ntawm lwm hom. Yog li, nyob rau hauv niaj hnub science lub notion ntawm cov tshuaj pleev mus Beklemishev tswvcuab. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv dej tsis qab ntsev biocoenosis - lub pas dej, ib tug yuav suav ntau tshaj 125 cov piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj pleev kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu.

Piv txwv li, hom qaus liv Luetke nteg qe nyob rau hauv lub nplooj parenchyma dej nroj tsuag xws li arrowhead, daj dej-Lily, thiab ib tug neeg hom xub - lub sab ib feem ntawm cov nplooj hniav ntawm tib cov nroj tsuag. Tsum kab mob uas nyob rau hauv dej tsis qab ntsev pas dej, mas siv cov nroj tsuag raws li ib tug substrate rau lub preservation ntawm lub qe thiab pub lub kab thiab neeg laus cov neeg ntawm lub tib lub hom - tsum kab nyob rau nplooj, stems thiab keeb kwm ntawm dej nroj tsuag - producers.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov tshuaj pleev mus

muaj cov neeg sawv cev tsis tau tsuas yog tsim yooj yim tej yam kev mob rau lub neej ntawm lwm yam kab mob, tab sis lawv lawv tus kheej muaj kev koom feem xyuam rau txoj abiotic yam. Yog li ntawd, ua tsaug rau lub loj heev forests ntawm cov teb chaws sov thiab Siberian forests inhabited los ntawm ib tug loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov kab mob no nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob rau ib tug tshwj xeeb microclimate tsim-photosynthetic cov nroj tsuag.

Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ntau xis kub thiab pom av noo. Qhov no muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau lub neej ntawm cov tsiaj, cov noog thiab cov kab - lub inhabitants ntawm lub teb chaws sov zoov nuj txeeg thiab taiga. Tshuaj pleev kev twb kev txuas, piv txwv uas peb tau kawm saum toj no, hais tias lawv ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso ecosystems, nrog rau trophic kev sib tshuam.

Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kab mob no nyob rau hauv lub Arctic biocenosis

Nthuav lus tseeb hais txog tus tshuaj pleev mus yuav ua thaum lub kawm tej yam ntuj tso complex ntawm lub Arctic. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav mus rau lub tundra thiab nyob rau hauv cov Islands tuaj ntawm lub Arctic hiav txwv yoov ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm hiav txwv noog: guillemots, eiders, guillemots. Lawv ua noog zos. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm qe-tso (lig May - thaum ntxov Lub rau hli ntuj) noog nyob rau hauv lub cliffs, zaum nyob rau hauv liab qab ledges yog heev ze rau txhua lwm yam. Cov neeg nyob ze Waterfowl muaj ntau txhom - dawb plas.

Lawv tsis tsuas yog pub lawv cov tub ntxhais guillemots thiab murres, tab sis kuj tiv thaiv rau tag nrho cov chaw uas zoo heev ntawm zes Waterfowl los ntawm tawm tsam cov hma liab thiab lwm yam ua npua. Tshuaj pleev kev twb kev txuas, piv txwv uas peb tau kawm saum toj no, ua rau kom cov ciaj sia taus ntawm cov neeg uas sib txawv ntawm cov hom nyob rau hauv cov huab climatic tej yam kev mob ntawm lub Arctic tsam.

Nta ntawm tsim ntawm tshuaj pleev kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv biocenosis taiga

B. Beklemisheva kawm nws tau raug qhov tseeb hais tias lub hauv paus ntawm cov tshuaj pleev kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kab mob no yog rau hloov qhov tsis muaj lub hav zoov ntawm cov neeg ntawm tib hom raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev ua si ntawm cov kab mob ntawm lwm hom. Piv txwv li, qhov chaw ntawm lub Siberian ntoo thuv (Siberian cedar) attracted ntau inhabitants ntawm lub taiga: squirrels, chipmunk, sable thiab, ntawm chav kawm, txawv tsiaj ntawm cov noog. Ib tug ntawm lawv - lub Nutcracker. Cov neeg ntawm no hom yuav lug dawb lias nrog ib tug ntev thiab sharpened kaus ncauj noog. Lawv pub on ntoo thuv ceev thiab cia lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej ntawm ntxhuab taiga. Forgetting txog cov khoom siv, cov noog ua rau kom kis ntawm cov feem ntau zoo hom - Siberian cedar.

Hom ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kab mob no nyob rau hauv deciduous forests

Peb kawm tshuaj pleev kev twb kev txuas, piv txwv ntawm cov tsim uas peb tau saib nyob rau hauv lub ecosystems ntawm lub Arctic thiab Taiga, yuav tsis tiav yog hais tias peb tsis paub qhov tseeb hais tias cov kev sib raug zoo yuav muaj ib tug tsis zoo nqi. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ntoo qhib forests inhabited los ntawm me me Hymenoptera - tsib nkawj. Nws ovipositor maum chob rau daim tawv nqaij ntawm ntoo qhib nplooj thiab txhaj mus rau hauv lub parenchyma ntawm lub qe. Tus menyuam kab yuav hais tias daug los ntawm nws allocates qaub ncaug, nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog txawv txav loj hlob ntawm daim ntawv, hu ua "tsib". Nyob rau hauv nws lub kab yog zoo tiv thaiv tiv thaiv ntau cov yeeb ncuab, tab sis cov nroj tsuag nws tus kheej thiaj li photosynthetic kev ua si, raws li cov nplooj cuam tshuam los ntawm kab ntawm cov kab.

Tshuaj pleev kev sib txuas lus tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob no - hydrobionts

Ib tug piv txwv ntawm lub kev sib tshuam, cov Lavxias teb sab zaum Beklemishev - tshuaj pleev, yuav pab raws li ib tug tseem ceeb heev kev ua si ntawm ib co hom ntses, lub npe "ntxuav" rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ib lub cev ntawm loj dej lub neej - sharks thiab whales. Piv txwv li, qhov no zoo li wrasse, los yog ib txhia hom marine cw yog neeg tu mob feem ntau inhabitants ntawm sov seas. Shark daim tawv nqaij yog feem ntau puas thiab whales cab invertebrate, e.g., sandhoppers, isopods. Noj mov rau lawv, tshuaj cawm tau lawv lub "neeg" los ntawm kis kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm pathogenic daim tawv nqaij cab. Yog li ib tug hom yuav tsim nrog cov tib neeg ntawm lwm hom tsis tau tsuas yog zaub mov nrog uake, tab sis kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam nws metabolism, raws li zoo raws li lub tseem ceeb heev functions.

Ntsiab lus peb yuav hais nrog cog qoob loo uas lub tshuaj pleev kev twb kev txuas, piv txwv, thiab tsim los ntawm cov uas peb saib nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm muab ib tug complex thiab ntau haiv neeg hom ntawm kev sib tshuam - ob qho tag nrho tib neeg thiab indirect ntawm cov neeg ntawm txawv tsiaj nyob rau hauv lub ntuj ecosystems - biocenoses.