Hom uas siv lead ua lattices ntawm txawv tshuaj

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm muaj ob hom ntawm cov khib nyiab, uas txawv ho nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog. Qhov no amorphous thiab crystalline khib nyiab. Thiab lub amorphous lub cev tsis muaj lub caij nyoog melting kub thaum lub sij hawm ua cua sov lawv maj softened, thiab ces pauv mus rau ib tug flowable lub xeev. Piv txwv li tshuaj yuav ua tau li ib txwm av nplaum los yog cob. Tab sis txawv heev yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog crystalline tshuaj. Lawv nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub khoom hauv lub xeev mus rau ib tug tej yam kub, thiab tsuas yog xeeb nws, cov tshuaj yog melted.

Muaj tag nrho hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov xws tshuaj. Lub crystalline khib nyiab hais los ntawm uas lawv ua, yog nyob rau ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Thiab yog hais tias lawv muaj kev cob cog los ntawm cov kab ncaj nraim, koj tau txais ib tug zoo ntawm xav txog tej yam lub cev, uas yog hu ua - tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Thiab lub hom uas siv lead ua lattices yuav ua tau txawv heev. Thiab xa mus rau tus hais cov uas lawv yog "ua" lattice raug muab faib ua plaub hom. Qhov no ionic, atomic, molecular thiab nws yog xim hlau grille.

Thiab cov ntshav ionic lattices, feem, cov txheej txheem ions thiab ionic daim ntawv cog lus tshwm sim nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Cov ions yuav ua tau raws li tej yam yooj yim (Cl-, Na +), los yog complex (OH-, SO2-). Thiab cov uas siv lead ua lattices tej zaum yuav muaj ib co hlau oxides thiab hydroxides, ntsev thiab lwm yam zoo xws nrog. Noj, piv txwv li, ib tug pa sodium tshuaj dawb. Nws tshuaj ions lwm tsis zoo thiab zoo sodium ions uas tsim ib tug nyhav siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Ionic bonds nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug lattice thiab yog heev ruaj khov tshuaj "ua" rau txoj ntsiab cai no, muaj ib tug txaus siab zog thiab hardness.

Tseem muaj hom uas siv lead ua lattices, hu ua atomic. Ntawm no, cov ntshav cov txheej txheem ntawm atoms, nruab nrab ntawm uas muaj ib tug muaj zog covalent daim ntawv cog lus. Nuclear lattice tsis yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Cov no muaj xws pob zeb diamond, thiab crystalline germanium, silicon thiab boron. Muaj ntau yam txoj tshuaj uas muaj silica thiab muaj, ntsig txog, lub atomic siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Qhov no xuab zeb, quartz, pob zeb siv lead ua thiab silica. Thiab nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov tshuaj yog heev muaj zog, zog thiab refractory. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv cov suab insoluble.

Ib tug molecular hom uas siv lead ua lattices muaj ib tug heev txawv teeb meem. Cov no muaj xws rau hauv lub khov dej, i.e. zoo tib yam dej khov, "cov nab kuab qhuav" - hardened carbon monoxide, raws li zoo raws li cov khoom hydrogen sulfide thiab hydrogen chloride. Lwm molecular sieves muaj ntau cov khoom organic tebchaw. Cov no muaj xws qab zib, qab zib, naphthalene thiab lwm yam zoo xws tshuaj. Ib tug qauv nyob rau hauv lub pob hlav ntawm ib tug lattice, sib thooj, ncov qaumteb qabteb thiab nonpolar tshuaj bonds. Thiab txawm lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me muaj muaj zog covalent bonds ntawm atoms, molecules lawv tus kheej muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntxaij ntoo vim muaj zog heev intermolecular bonds. Yog li ntawd, xws tshuaj yog txaus volatile tsis yooj yim melted thiab muaj ib tug high school cov hardness.

Tab sis co muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm hom uas siv lead ua lattices. Thiab tej zaum lawv yuav tau ntshav li atoms thiab ions. Lub atoms yuav muab tau yooj yim hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ions, muab lawv electrons rau "kev siv". Ib yam li ntawd ions "capturing" ib tug dawb electron yuav ua atoms. Thiab qhov no qauv ntawm cov hlau ntxaij ntoo txiav txim lub thaj chaw ntawm co xws li ductility, malleability, thiab thermal conductivity.

Tsis tas li ntawd, hom uas siv lead ua lattices ntawm hlau, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv raug muab faib ua xya loj systems nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov elementary hlwb ntawm lub ntxaij ntoo. Qhov yooj yim yog ib tug nyhav ntawm tes. Muaj kuj yog rhombic, tetragonal, hexagonal, rhombohedral, monoclinic thiab triclinic unit hlwb, uas txiav txim tus duab ntawm lub tag nrho siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo yog ntau nyuab dua qhov sawv daws tau teev tseg saum toj no. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lub elementary hais yuav tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej lattice chaw, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv nws cov centre los yog nyob rau hauv nws cov ntsej muag. Ntawm cov feem ntau hlau xws complex peb siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo: lub ntsej muag-rau nruab nrab nyhav, lub cev-chaw nyhav thiab hexagonal close-packed. Lwm co cev tus yam ntxwv nyob ntawm seb tsis tsuas yog nyob rau qhov zoo ntawm lawv siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, thiab nyob rau hauv interatomic mus thiab nyob rau lwm yam tsis.