Ethnonym - dab tsi yog qhov no? txhais

Txhais los ntawm cov Greek ethnonym - nws yog cia "lub npe ntawm tus neeg." Txij ancient sij hawm, cov pab pawg neeg cov npe nqa ib tug tej yam ntsiab lus. ethnonymic Science kawm cov npe, nrhiav cov hauv paus hniav thiab piav qhia txog lawv cov hniav.

Lub npe muab rau cov uas kov yeej

Keeb kwm, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ethnonyms yuav ua tau txawv heev. Lub npe ntawm ib co ntawm cov haiv neeg raug txais yuav thaum lub invaders ntawm lawv lub teb chaws. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub VII xyoo pua rau lub Balkan ceg av qab teb invaded los ntawm ib tug horde ntawm Turkic-hais lus Bulgarians. Khan los ua tus kav lub alien South Slavic lub xeev. Minorities Turks maj zoo ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos.

Slavs tsis tau zoo, tab sis, lawv tau saws lub npe ntawm lawv tus kheej conquerors, ua lub namesakes ntawm lub Volga Bulgarians, raws li zoo raws li lub Caucasus Balkars. Qhov kev piv txwv qhia txog tias cov ethnonym - ib tug modifiable phenomenon, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus tej zaum yuav evolve.

Ib yam li ntawd, raws li cov Bulgarians, nyob rau hauv lub XIII xyoo pua, cov txheej xwm tsim nyob rau hauv Central Asia. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Uzbekistan invaded ntawm lub Mongols. Lub npe ntawm lawv cov pab pawg neeg thiab tsab xeem lis tau reflected nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm lub zos pab pawg (thiaj li muaj manghud, Barlas thiab thiaj li nyob. D.). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub nyob sib ze ethnonym "Kazakh" yog heev dua lwm yam Turkic keeb kwm. Raws li ib tug version ntawm linguists, cov lus no yog hais txog lo lus "Cossacks" (ob txhais raws li "dawb, dawb neeg").

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub conquerors thiab cov kov yeej muaj cov lus rov piv txwv. Tej zaum subjugated neeg lawv tus kheej muab lub npe ntawm lawv cov uas kov yeej. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov dab neeg uas cov Hutts. Cov neeg no nyob rau hauv Anatolia ntawm lub lem ntawm lub thib peb thiab thib ob millennia BC. e. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub Hutts tuaj txog Indo-Europeans, uas hu ua cov Hithai.

Ib cheeb tsam thiab haiv neeg

Txhua ethnonym - ib yam ntawm cov chronicle. Nws siv tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov neeg, tab sis kuj lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv uas nws nyob. Ethnonymic kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub lub npe ntawm qhov chaw muab lub npe ntawm lub newcomer rau cov neeg.

Lub legendary tub rog thawj coj Aleksandr Makedonsky yug nyob rau hauv Macedonia - lub teb chaws qaum teb ntawm lub ancient Greece. Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no peb tau tswm lub South Slavs. Lawv muaj tsis muaj dab tsi nyob rau hauv ntau nrog lub ancient kev vam meej thiab txawm kov yeej nws vim hais tias ntev dhau los lawm. Tab sis lub npe ntawm Macedonia txuas ntxiv mus ua ib ke. Nws tshuav ib qho imprint rau lub yav qab teb Slavs. Zoo ib yam li cov ntaub ntawv nrog lub Baltic neeg ntawm Prussia. Nyob rau hauv lub XIII xyoo pua, lawv cov av twb kov yeej los ntawm cov Germans. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub German tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog hu ua Prussia, thiab nws cov inhabitants, lub Germans tau hu ua Prussians.

pab pawg neeg alliances

Feem ntau ethnonym - ib tug legacy ntawm ib pawg neeg, lub qub lub taub hau ntawm lub union los yog confederation. Kom txog thaum lub IX xyoo pua, hauv lub Czechs tsis nyob qhov loj tshaj plaws lub teb chaws. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv twb muaj ntau yam lwm yam kev West Slavic pab pawg neeg. Maj mam, li cas los xij, nws yog tus Czechs rallied nyob ib ncig ntawm nws tej neeg zej zog.

Union Polabian Slavs bodrichey tau txais lub npe los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov union. Txwv tsis pub tej yam uas twb nyob rau ntawm lawv lutici cov neeg nyob ze. Lawv tau txais ib tug tshiab tsev neeg lub npe, tsis yog hais txog rau ib txhia ntawm cov pab pawg neeg. Ethnographic Tungus pab pawg muaj ib tug kev lig kev cai ntawm naming lub ntsiab zoo ntawm pab pawg neeg.

Paub cov piv txwv ntawm qhov rov qab. Pawg lwm haiv tib lub zej zog tej zaum yuav poob sib nrug, thiab los cais qhov chaw - khaws cov thawj lub npe. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsis tau sib npaug tseem (ntau). Yog li tuaj lub npe Turk (Turks nqis los), Slovenes, Slovaks thiab Slovenes Ilmen (nqis los ntawm lub Slavs).

erroneous ethnonyms

Yog hais tias lub ethnonym "Slavs" yeej ib txwm muaj ib tug lub ntsiab lus, lwm ethnonyms yuav hloov nws cov ntsiab lus, txawm hais tias tus kwv tseem zoo li qub. Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua Moldovans raug hu los ntawm tus Greeks thiab gypsies. Nyob rau hauv pre-revolutionary Russia ethnonym "Kyrgyz" tsis ntev mus rau lub Kirghiz (Karakirgiz lawv cov npe), thiab lub Turkmens thiab Kazakhs.

Lub npe ntawm ib tug lub teb chaws tej zaum yuav kis tau rau cov neeg nyob ze, yog hais tias kev txawj ntse ntawm cov commonalities yog fragmentary thiab txaus los khi. Piv txwv li, lub ethnonym "Tatars" tau ntev tau siv Lavxias teb sab nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo los ntawm tej yam rau sab hnub tuaj. Qhov no kev lig kev cai kis rau Western teb chaws Europe. Yog li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub Tatar Strait (uas cais lub mainland los ntawm Sakhalin), thaum tom ntej no rau nws yeej tsis nyob tsis tau tsuas yog Tatars, tab sis txawm lub Mongols. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv Russia mus rau lub XVIII xyoo pua lub Germans tau hu Danes los yog lub Dutch. Rau ib txhia neeg Asmeskas haiv neeg 'frendzh "- nws tsis yog tsuas yog lub Fabkis, tiam sis tag nrho Europeans.

evolution npe

Ua ethnonym lo lus pib ib tug tshiab ywj siab los ntawm yav dhau los kev sib raug zoo nyob. Ukrainians - tsis marginal, txawm nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm lub title no yog lub ntsiab lus ua lag luam nyob rau hauv nws. Yog li, neeg npe yuav ua tau peb theem ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. Tus thawj - ib lub tswvyim ua ntej mus rau tsim ntawm lub ethnonym, lub thib ob - tus ethnonym nws tus kheej, thiab lub thib peb - sawv los ntawm lub ethnonym. Piv txwv li: nyob rau hauv pre-revolutionary Russia, thiab tej roving tsaus txiv neej yuav tsum tau hu ua ib tug neeg loj leeb.

Ntawm cov self-lub npe ethnicons sawv cev rau ib tug me me ib feem. Lub npe ntawm qhov Germans thawj siv tsis tau los ntawm lawv, tiam sis los ntawm lub Celts. Sami pab pawg neeg, nteg lub lub hauv paus rau lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub German teb chaws, txwv lawv tus kheej mus rau txhua lwm yam. Lawv tsis muaj ib qhov chaw thiab tsis muaj ib lub npe. Rau cov Celts, lub Teutons yog paub daws teeb loj, nrog division uas tsis ua si tej lub luag hauj lwm.

European npe ntawm feem ntau Native American cov pab pawg neeg tau npaum li cas tshaj los ntawm cov neeg zej zog. Muab lub npe, tsis nyiam lawv tus kheej, ib txwm opposed lawv tus kheej rau lwm tus neeg. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau yam pab pawg neeg twb paub los ntawm cov npe uas lawv lawv tus kheej yeej tsis paub tias nws. Piv txwv li, lub Navajo Khab xav txog lawv tus kheej "hmo" - uas yog, "neeg." Tsis npe ntawm lawv tus kheej ntawm cov Papuans. Cov cais pab pawg neeg los ua lub npe hu Europeans surrounding dej ntws, tej roob, Islands tuaj, lub zos.

Hwv thiab totemic npe

Ib tug ntawm cov theories txog lub npe ntawm lub Bashkir neeg hais tias lo lus 'Bashkort "translates li" beekeeper ". Txawm tias qhov no version yog deb ntawm yooj yim, nws qhia tau hais tias ib tug ntawm cov hom ntawm haiv neeg lub npe. Ethnonim puag yuav ua tau tsis yog ib tug kab lus qhia lub ntsiab ntawm qhov kev ua si, tab sis kuj yog ib tug siv rau kev ntseeg. Ib tug xov tooj tseem ceeb ntawm ancient neeg muab lub npe nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm nws tus kheej totem. Ntsia loj ntawm tej qauv. Indian pawg neeg Cheyenne bears lub npe ntawm tus nab totem. Yog li ntawd, lawv cov npe ntawm cov neeg Africa thiab lub Aborigines ntawm teb chaws Australia.

Thoob plaws hwv ethnonyms. Buryats - lub "tom hav zoov" (lub npe lawv tau muab steppe cov neeg nyob ze). "Cov neeg lov tas vau" raug hu ua Bushmen. Lub npe ntawm lub Slavic Union Dregovichi txhais li "union los" (dregva - los, cov hav iav). Hais lus nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tus Balkan Montenegrins.

Xim thiab theem nrab ethnonyms

Xim ethnonyms yog pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhov chaw hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Cov raug yog tsis paub li muaj lo lus "Belarusian". Muaj ntau ntau txhais: los ntawm cov xim ntawm lawv cov tsho, lub teeb ob lub qhov muag los yog cov plaub hau. Feem ntau cov xim ethnonyms nyob rau hauv lub Turkic lus: daj Uyghurs, dawb ceg dub Nogais. Muaj yog ib tug version hais tias cov Kyrgyz neeg - ib tug "liab Oguz".

Secondary ethnonyms dua li cov neeg twb hais Macedonians thiab Prussians - nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, uas tau muab lub npe ntawm ltalis thiab niaj hnub Italians. Ua ntej lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tus Bavarian neeg nyob rau hauv lawv cov cheeb tsam tswm ancient Bavaria, expelling lub Celts boyev. Yog li ntawd etnonim qub pejxeem yuav ethnonym ntawm lub teb chaws, thiab ces - tus tshiab pejxeem. Cov piv txwv ntawm ces tseem paub - Hais - British thiab Franks - Fabkis - French.

Npe nyob rau hauv tsos thiab txoj hauj lwm

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub ethnonym yuav yog lwm yam tshwm sim. Indonesians muab lub npe ntawm tus Papuans ( "curly"). Ethiopians - "cov neeg uas muaj scorched ntsej muag" Lombards - "high". Britons muaj cov kev cai lub cev painting. Tej zaum hais tias yog dab tsi lawv twb hu ua "variegated".

Tsis tas li ntawd ethnonym tshwm raws li ib tug siv mus rau lub kev lis kev cai thiab kev cai. Cov ancient inhabitants ntawm Sicily Siculo - "teb" los yog "Reapers", Koryak - "herders". Arabian tsev neeg dafir thiab muntefik - "platted" los yog "koom" (ib tug siv rau cov txheej txheem kev koom ua ke).

ethnonym Lavxias teb sab

Muaj ntau ntau theories nyob rau hauv lub scientific lub zej zog txog dab tsi yog qhov keeb kwm ntawm lub ethnonym "Rus". Varangian version hais tias lo lus no - Scandinavian, thiab yog txhais li "rowers." Muaj kuj yog ib tug kev tshawb xav ntawm lub Indo-Iranian (txhais li "lub teeb") thiab Proto-Slavic. Ib txoj kev los sis lwm, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog lo lus "Rus" meant ob cov neeg thiab lub xeev. Los ntawm nws yog tus niaj hnub lub npe ntawm lub East Slavic neeg.

Ethnonym "Lavxias teb sab" thawj tau siv raws li lub "Lavxias teb sab neeg". Thaum lub lem ntawm lub XVIII thiab XIX centuries. nrog rau cov tshwm sim los ntawm niaj hnub txawj chaw siv ib leeg, thiab tau hloov zuj zuj mus rau hauv ib tug noun. Ua ntej lub 1917 kiv puag ncig, lo lus "Lavxias teb sab" yuav txhais lub peb East Slavic neeg (thiab faib los ntawm lub Great Russians thiab Ukrainians tau ntawm kev ncua).

collective lub npe

Ethnonyms nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab txhais lub teeb ntawm ib tug collective daim ntawv (Chud) los yog ntau tshaj ib (cov Germans). Raws li txoj cai, cov lus yog tsim nrog cov lus. Piv txwv li -yata thiab -ichi sawv cev rau lub xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub tib lub genus. Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus txawm borrowed ethnonyms tau txais ntau yam kaw: Italians, Germans, Estonians, lub British, lub Estonians, cov Iyi. Cov lus raws li -ovtsy -intsy thiab yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug lub tsev mus rau lwm lub suffix.

Derivation tej zaum yuav thaj. Ethnonyms ntawm haiv neeg mus rau sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub sab hnub tuaj Slavs twb nyob rau hauv -ary: Avars, Tatars, Bulgarians, Khazars, thiab lwm yam no tshwm sim Turkic thiab Indo-Iranian cov hauv paus hniav ... Finnish pab pawg neeg sab qaum teb ntawm lub Slavs, on qhov tsis tooj, yuav hu ua collectively: Chud, VOD, tag nrho, yam, samoyad, Kors. Cov piv txwv - tsis tsuas yog sawv daws yuav. Lwm yam collective ethnonyms: Erzya, Meria, Izhora, Meshchera, Mordvinians, Lithuania.

distortions

Thaum hloov lo lus los ntawm lus rau hom lus, nws feem ntau ruaj hloov nws phonetics. Lub Turkic lus lo lus 'Lavxias teb sab' suab zoo li "Urus" los yog "Oros" raws li lub Turkic pab pawg neeg alien rau kev siv ntawm lub suab "p" thaum pib ntawm lo lus. Hungarians hu lawv tus kheej Magyars. Lawv cov txheeb ze nyob deb ntawm Siberia - lub Finno-Ugric neeg ntawm Mansi. Faib version hais tias ob lub ethnonym - yog ib tug thiab tib lo lus, ntau hloov phonetically (Meshchera belongs rau tib pab pawg neeg, Mishari, Mazhar).

Muaj ntau ntawm cov npe ntawm cov neeg ntawm teb chaws Africa tau distorted los ntawm European colonizers thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus (Togolese, Congolese). Cossacks explorers thawj tau ntsib tus Buryats, erroneously sau ua ke rau hauv lub npe ntawm neeg cov lo lus "tij laug". Vim hais tias ntawm no, ib tug tag nrho kev lig kev cai. Buryats ntev lub sij hawm hu ua kwv tij (chaw pib lub npe ntawm lub nroog ntawm Bratsk). Yuav kom txiav txim seb lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ethnonym cov kws txawj "tshem tawm" tag nrho cov keeb kwm kev hloov thiab ua kom nrhiav tau nws yeej zoo.