Fayum portrait: lub masterpieces ntawm lub ntiaj teb kos duab

Thaum pib ntawm XVII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov graves kawm Italian traveler sab txawv portraits uas tshwm sim los ntawm Europeans ib tug tiag tiag kev poob siab - lawv thiaj li sib txawv los ntawm lwm tus.

Tseem ceeb keeb kwm foundations

Tab sis qhov tiag koob meej tau archaeological xyuas mummies nyob rau hauv 1887 nyob ze lub nroog ntawm Fayoum, populated lub ancient Egyptians. Tom qab lub conquests ntawm Alexander lub Great coj nws qhov chaw ntawd, thiab cov Greeks los ntawm cov neeg Loos. Funerary cult txuam nrog embalming qhov tuag los, undergoes nws kev hloov. Yog hais tias ua ntej lawm cov Iyi tau muab tso rau hauv koj lub ntsej muag mummified lub cev encased nyob rau hauv ib tug sarcophagus, ib tug ntau yam ntawm qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, uas tsis yog-muaj tiag dluab ntawm tus tuag lawm, lub zos ntxias pleev xim rau portraits ntawm peb-dimensional ciab xim rau kuj mus lwj ntoo, tej zaum nyob rau hauv canvases uas yog glued mus rau ib tug board.

Fayum pas dej mojsab qhua, qhib tsis paub hais tias kev sib nrauj ntawm creativity ntawm lub ancient ntxias, thiab muab nws lub npe mus rau lub picturesque duab ntawm cov neeg tuag, uas tau ua no ib tug tiag tiag kev cai kiv puag ncig ntawm lub sij hawm. Portraits, txiav nyob rau txoj kev loj, tau txuas mus rau lub taub hau ntawm lub mummy: tiv thaiv dawb tom ntaub nplaum, raws li yog hais tawm ntawm lub qhov rais, ntsia zoo zoo portrayal ntawm tus tuag tus neeg.

Txheej txheem uas tso npe thov xim

Lub ntxias siv ib tug tshwj xeeb encaustic cov txheej txheem, uas yuav ua ntawv thov xim ncaj qha rau ntawm ntoo tsis muaj pre-ua. Fayum portrait yog ib daim duab ntawm tus tuag lawm, uas yog thov nrog ib tug txhuam thiab rhuab hlau rods. Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog heev zog-intensive, yuav tsum kawm kev txawj ntse, vim kho nyob rau hauv lub portrait yog tsis tau tso cai. Vim lub high kub xim kom huv si siav waxy melted, txoj kev ib tug tsis nto thaum lub sij hawm solidification, tsim cov nyhuv uas ntim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov masters siv cov phiaj kub, txog rau tom qab, ib tug wreath ntawm nws lub taub hau los yog tej feem ntawm cov khaub ncaws.

Lwm cov txheej txheem siv nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv ib tug funerary portraits ntawm cov neeg, yog ib tug tempera. Dluab tsim raws li pigments tov nrog tsiaj kua nplaum, ua rau lub matte nto nrog tassels tsawg cim zoo ib ntawm lub teeb thiab ntxoov ntxoo. Zaum hais tus thiav ntawm tej dluab: Fayum portrait ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws ancient kos duab zoo tshaj plaws tshwj tseg, thiab mus hnub no lawv hu tsis tau poob lub brightness ntawm cov xim thiab yuav ua tsis tau ib ntus hloov.

Roman kos duab dluab ntawm cov neeg tuag

Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab hais tias kev sau ntawv portraits ritual yog ib feem ntawm kev lig kev cai thiab cov Roman faj tim teb chaws, tsuas yog tus duab yuav yog ib feem ntawm lub funerary cult, thiab cov dluab ntawm poj koob yawm txwv thiab tuag emperors khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub mev hu ua atria. Stylistic nta twb zoo ib yam li nrag Fayum portraits, txawm li cas los, archaeologists sab ib tug me me feem ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Roman kos duab, tab sis lub ancient masterpieces ntawm lub ntiaj teb kos duab ntawm lub Egyptians, raws li zaum ntseeg, ciaj nyob rau hauv xws zoo rau xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tsis tau tsuas yog vim hais tias ntawm lub cim txheej txheem uas tso npe thov xim, tab sis kuj arid teb chaws .

Cov kev zoo sib thooj nrog lub iconography

Pib txhiab xyoo dhau los rau hauv lub portraits uas tau ua ib tug tiag tiag txuj ci tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov kos duab, nws twb hais rau cov me nyuam nyob dluab ntawm cov neeg. Cim duab ntawm lub ancient Egyptians, uas nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub Hellenistic thiab Roman hwj chim, tsis tsuas kis rau cov tib neeg daim ntawv. Lossis loj tu siab ob lub qhov muag saib ntawm lub saib raws li yog hais tias lawv pom ib yam dab tsi uas yog tsis raug mus rau zoo ciaj sia.

Tsis yog lub caij nyoog nyob rau hauv tus ntawm muaj tiag dluab uas yog nyob rau lwm yam sab ntawm lub neej, pib tsim lub canons ntawm iconography. Tab sis tsis txhob hnov qab tias nws tseem yog ib tug ritual portraits yog tsis npaj rau cov xav mus xav los ntawm cov neeg ciaj, thiab lawv tau tsim heev dua lwm yam rau lub burial, vim hais tias cov Egyptians tau yeej ib txwm muab tseem ceeb heev rau lub afterlife.

Funerary portrait raws li ib tug precursor iconography

Tom qab ntawd Byzantine iconography yog los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub ancient masters, sau ntawv rau ib tsob ntoo encaustic thiab siv nyias paib ntawm kub nplooj. Ib tug saib lub ntees tuag portraits, saib mus rau lwm lub ntiaj teb, maj migrates mus rau lub kev cai dab qhuas kev kos duab ntawm Byzantium. Stylistically assumed proikonoy Fayum portrait, tu siab pam tuag duab thiab yog tsim los cia tus nyiam nta ntawm tus tuag tus neeg. Lub icon lub neej conquers kev tuag, thiab nws lub ntsej muag tig mus rau Vajtswv, thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kho mob yog tsis nyob rau hauv parting, thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev kaj siab ntawm lub Easter rooj sib tham. Ntxias li peering rau hauv tus ntsuj plig, tsis dhau ib lub momentary duab, thiab saib nws los ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov neeg tsis txawj tuag cwm pwm hloov nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm nyob mus ib txhis.

Los ntawm muaj tiag portraits - qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub ntsej muag ntawm

Cov soj ntsuam ntawm yog ntseeg hais tias tag nrho cov dluab sau ntawv mus rau ib tug nyob tus neeg, raws li kev nkag mus rau tus tuag thiab ua hauj lwm nrog lawv twb nruj me ntsis txwv tsis pub los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv masters. Yog li ntawd funerary portrait (Fayum) yuav tsum tau txiav txim nyob rau hauv ua ntej, pleev xim rau thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej, nws twb dai nyob rau hauv lub tsev kom txog thaum tus neeg tuag. Tej zaum tau pom hais tias muaj tej zaum yuav tau lwm daim duab rau papyrus, uas lub post-mortem thiab manufactured luam rau mummies.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog ib tug muaj tiag daim duab ntawm tus tuag lawm, nws yeej yog yuam kev, nws tseem yog ib tug vnevozrastnye duab ntawm ib co zoo tagnrho cov duab, raws li yog hais khov nyob rau hauv mus ib txhis. Paub mummies, nrog funerary portraits uas ntsia hluas, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag cov neeg tau tuag nyob rau hauv cov laus hnub nyoog. Byzantine icon painting twb tsiv los ntawm lub tiag tiag portrait ntawm lub zoo tagnrho thiab nyob mus ib txhis lub ntsej muag ntawm adhering rau tej yam kev cai ntawm kev sau ntawv dluab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg.

stylistic hloov

Nws yog ib nqi hais tias nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv sau ntawv Fayum portrait ntiaj teb no hloov qhov chaw, nws yog conceptualized duab ntawm ib tug txiv neej thiab sab ntsuj plig nce dominates corporal. Creators ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws muaj teeb meem loj cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub xaav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, qhia nyob rau hauv cov pa yam ntawm kev ua tau daim ntawv no, favored austere nkhaus, es ntim.

Hnav lub iconic cim portrait Fayum hloov stylistically, rethinking tib neeg daim ntawv. Cov ntseeg Vajtswv, kev pom zoo nyob rau hauv lub IV xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Egypt, nres lub xyaum ntawm embalming thiab encaustic txheej txheem yog maj tsis nco qab lawm, nrog rau cov disappearance ntawm funerary dluab.

Nta ritual portraits

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub unspoken kev cai ntawm painting ritual dluab, yog cov nram qab no nta uas characterize lub funerary portraits ntawm lub era:

• Lub teeb qhov chaw yog nyob rau sab saum toj, txoj cai ntawm lub beholder spectator sab ntawm lub ntsej muag yog nyob rau hauv tus duab ntxoov ntxoo.
• Lub taub hau tig peb-quarters nyob dluab yog zoo tsis tuaj kawm ntawv.
• Ntsia qhia tshaj lub observers, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv lub tuav lub qhov muag.
• Nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag yog tsis tso tawm tus cwj pwm txawv, dav-qhib lub qhov muag tu siab.
• Tom qab portrait - monochrome, tog twg los teeb los yog kub.
• Lub asymmetry ntawm sab laug thiab txoj cai sab ntawm lub ntsej muag (fab ntawm daim di ncauj, pob muag, pob ntseg ces kaum sib txawv thiab sawv cev ntawm txawv ntau ntau). Nws yog ntseeg hais tias qhov no yog ib tug tshiab qauv nyob rau hauv painting yog ib qho los pab qhia ntawm cov foundations hauv cov xwm cov duab.

Txij li thaum lub ntees tuag portrait (Fayum) tau sau txawm tias ib tug neeg lub neej, thiab tej zaum rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev, yuav luag tag nrho cov pleev xim rau cov rau nws tshwm sim hluas. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm cov duab yog kos nyob rau hauv lub ntaub nplaum ntawm ib tug mummy, thiab nyob rau nws lub taub hau ua tib zoo applied los ntawm ib tug Stencil wreath ntawm kub, symbolizing nyob mus ib txhis lub neej.

Funerary portraits raws li ib tug rog xav txog ntawm zam tiam sis

Funerary duab - qhov no yog ib tug tiag tiag art gallery, tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb chaw ntawm kev koom tes ntawm txhua tuav mus kawg thiab kos duab, muab aesthetic Library. Raws li cov Fayum portraits can yooj yim txoj lw lub Hellenistic zam ntawm lub sij hawm. Tus txiv neej twb portrayed nyob rau hauv ib tug gorgeous tsho tshaj sab, thiab cov poj niam - nyob rau hauv liab, dawb los yog greenish robes. Jewellery raws li tej yam uas muaj hnub nyoog, cia li zoo li cov plaub hau. Nws twb ntseeg tau hais tias ib tug kev style ntawm nug tus huab tais tsev neeg, mus txua txoj kev tshiab ntawm styling cov plaub hau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov poj niam, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xeev los ntawm cov peev ntawm zam mus txog heev maj mam.

Tsev khaws puav pheej masterpieces ntawm lub ntiaj teb kos duab

Zaum no yog tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 900 Fayum portraits, ua tau ib lasting tswv yim thiab ua siab ywj siab nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov kos duab. Nws nkawd hais tias txawm ib tug me me daim duab gallery ua npau suav muaj lub ancient treasures ntawm lub ntees tuag cult ntawm lub ancient Egyptians. Cov portraits yog tam sim no kim heev nyob rau ntau lub auctions, thiab cov kev txaus siab ntawm tus kheej lolus rau lub ritual art nce txhua xyoo. Tsis hais tus loj tus naj npawb ntawm fakes thiab cov ntawv luam, tab sis elaborate paintings nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm funerary dluab tsis saib cov duab ntawm post-mortem tsos lig kev cai.

Ib txhia cim daim uas tau dim mus rau lub hnub tam sim no, yog tam sim no muab nyob rau hauv lub collections ntawm loj ntiaj teb puas, xws li cov Pushkin. Nyob rau hauv lub nrog ntawm lub ancient kos duab rau ntawm txhua txhua kab lis kev cai thiab yog xav nyob rau hauv painting yuav xav txog lub zoo kawg tob ntawm cov kis ntawm cov dluab Fayum portraits. Pushkin Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv Moscow, tuas ntau tshaj 20 burial dluab qhuas uas qhia tshwj xeeb uas tuaj txawm txawv teb chaws. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws portrait ntawm ib tug tub hluas qhia tau hais tias ib tug tiag tiag zoo nraug nrog txiv neej nta thiab glowing zoo li hluav ncaig ob lub qhov muag. Nws tseem zoo li pheej yuav qhia tau kub siab luv thiab capricious xwm thiab ua ke nrog ntawm contrasting cov xim zoo ib yam li cov twj nrog kev nyuaj siab.

Iyiv kos duab yuav yeej ib txwm yuav ib tug tiag tiag cov khoom muaj nqis txhua lub sij hawm, thiab lub Fayum portraits, artistic tus nqi uas yog incredibly siab, yog hais tias yuav qhabnias masterpieces. Lawv yuav tsum tau hu ua lub rooj vag, yog qhib rau lub neej yav tom ntej masters ntawm txoj kev tshiab ntawm creativity, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm Byzantine icons.