Hom ntawv thiab npe ntawm mosses nrog duab thiab lus piav qhia

Tsis yog txhua tus paub dab tsi mosses yog (lub npe ntawm ib hom, genus). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, kev paub txog kukushkin flax los yog sphagnum yuav rov qab los ntawm chav kawm biology. Hauv kev muaj tiag, tiam sis, ib pawg coob ntawm cov nroj tsuag no sawv nrug ntawm lwm cov uas twb muaj lawm. Tsis muaj kev sib txuas los sis cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntawv nrab tau pom. Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej, feem ntau heev confuse tsis tsuas yog lub npe ntawm mosses thiab lichens, tab sis kuj cov nroj tsuag lawv tus kheej, ntsib lawv, piv txwv li nyob rau hauv hav zoov. Vim li cas ho tsis mus rau hauv ntau dua nrog cov amazing inhabitants ntawm ntiaj chaw ntiaj teb.

Mosses yog ib yam ntawm cov hlob nroj tsuag hauv ntiaj teb

Moss tsev neeg combines ib tug loj pawg ntawm ntau dua cov nroj tsuag, uas muaj txog 25,000 hom. Ntawm no, tsuas yog 1,500 tsiaj txhu loj tuaj rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Qhov kwv yees yog kwv yees, txij li qhov chaw loj heev ntawm hav zoov hav zoov tsis tau kawm kom deb li deb. Muaj txawm tias ib qho science txawv uas kawm mosses - bryology. Cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj plaws yog raug lub caij Carboniferous, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb lees tias lawv tshwm sim txawm ntxov dua. Cov no tsuas yog cov nroj tsuag uas nws cov evolution yog txuam nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua sportophyte. Lawv tseem nyob rau qhov kaj ntug ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb, khov kho lawv qhov chaw hauv lub ntiaj teb cog thiab khaws nws mus rau hnub no.

Nees nkaum ob hom ntawm Moscow cheeb tsam ntawm Moscow cheeb tsam muaj nyob hauv phau Red Data Book ntawm Russia: Krylov Kampilium, Orchidium alternate, Bryofsifium Savate, tus kws kho mob ntawm lub pob ntseg, atractylocarpus alpine, Marcius aureas, Indianella Tianu, short-winged Lindbergh, lub Lindberghia Doutier, cov mamillariella crankace, Gomeselfelfus du-toothed, sab qaum teb lub taub hau, plagiothecium tupeyshy, taxiifillum alternating, actinotideum Hooker, leptopteriginandrum south alpine, giofila qhwv, fosmobroniya alaska nskaya, Backgammon Japanese, izopahes sis tsuas kob.

Tus cwj pwm dav dav ntawm mosses

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntxhuab (Latin lub npe - "bryophyte") thiab mosses yog heev ntau thiab sib sau ua ke ntau hom. Feem ntau, cov no yog cov tsis muaj ntau ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag nrog ib qhov siab ntawm 1 hli mus rau ob peb centimeters, tab sis muaj ntau hom kev xeeb tub 60 cm los yog ntau dua. Ib qho txawv txav ntawm mosses yog qhov tsis tiav ntawm ib tug hauv paus system. Lawv cov nuj nqis yog ua los ntawm kev kawm tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm ntawm cov kab mob epidermis - rhizoids. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, lub cev ntawm moss txuas nrog lub substrate thiab tau txais dej nrog cov tshuaj ntxhuab cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv nws. Lub voj voog ntawm kev tsim muaj cov poj niam txiv neej (gametophyte) thiab asexual (sporophyte) tiam. Nyob rau hauv ib tes regressive cim tau pov lawv rov qab deb nrog rau lwm cov nroj tsuag ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tab sis nyob rau lwm cov tes lawv tau tso cai rau ciaj sia nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj plaws tej yam kev mob, thaum tag nrho lwm tus tuag tawm. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lawv muas thaum chiv thawj hauv qhov hau ntawm lwm cov nroj tsuag, yog li ntawd lawv nruab nrab ob leeg rau teeb pom kev zoo thiab rau cua sov. Lub ntsiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj rau cov mosses yog muaj dej noo. Tab sis txawm nws tsis vim lawv tswj hwm. Muaj lwm qhov amazing feature ntawm mosses - lub peev xwm los poob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm suspended animation nyob rau hauv tej kev mob tsis zoo. Nyob rau lub sij hawm no, cov nroj tsuag yuav luag tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej. Mosses tuaj yeem ua nyob rau hauv lub xeev uas muaj kev txwv tsis pub muaj kabmob ntev txog xyoo, nrog kev muaj kev kub ntxhov lossis qis, tsis muaj lossis tsis muaj dej ntws.

Kev faib ntawm mosses

Cov nroj tsuag no zoo nkauj heev ntawm cov chaw ntub dej, lawv yuav kis thoob ntiaj teb, tsuas yog rau cov seas thiab cov kua qaub (kua ntsev) zoo. Tshwj xeeb feem ntau, ntau hom mosses, uas nws cov npe yog qee zaus nyuaj rau txhais lus los ntawm Latin, pom nyob rau hauv lub tundra. Lawv loj hlob qeeb txaus (lub xyoo increment yog 1-2 hli), yog tias peb siv ib tus neeg cog, tab sis, feem ntau, ib qho paj ntoos loj heev tau txais.

Qhov tseeb hais tias mosses nyob li yuav luag txhua cov ces kaum ntawm lub ntiaj teb kuj piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov no yog oligotrophic nroj tsuag. Lawv tuaj yeem loj tuaj txawm nyob rau cov neeg txom nyem thiab cov neeg txom nyem xau. Tsiaj txhu, raws li txoj cai, tsis txhob noj mosses. Lawv muaj peev xwm mus ceev nruj nchav qee zaum ua rau waterlogging ntawm cov av.

Luam ntawm mosses

Cov nroj tsuag no muaj peculiar phaum ntawm kev luam. Lub npe ntawm mosses thiab lawv faib yog txawv, tab sis lawv yog cov zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv hais tias ib cov nroj tsuag ua ke gametophyte thiab sporophyte. Lub tom kawg tseem hu ua lub xyoo qub. Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm ib lub thawv me me nrog cov kaus hniav, uas yog nyob rau ntawm gametophyte nrog kev pab ntawm lub khob phom sij. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib deev pib nrog lub cev ntawm cov hlwv. Thaum xub thawj, ib qho tsim los yog lamellar tsim (protoneme) tsim, uas yog cov hnyuv ntxwm, uas tom qab ntawd ces loj hlob zoo nkauj los yog stems nrog nplooj, nyob ntawm seb hom mosses no yog dab tsi. Cov npe ntawm cov kabmob ntawm kev sib deev ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua paub txog ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv - cov no yog cov pob txha thiab antheridia. Thawj yog poj niam deev cov kabmob, yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua, nrog rau kev txiav txim ntawm Gymnosperms. Antheridia yog txiv neej lub cev, lawv pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag siab thiab algae.

Kev faib tawm

Cia peb nyob rau hauv ntau dua kom meej nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug ntawm dab tsi mosses yog. Lub npe ntawm ob qho uas twb muaj lawm kawm yog txawv heev: hepatic thiab nplooj ntoos-stalk. Yav dhau los, qhov kev faib tawm kuj muaj cov Tshuaj Antocerot mosses. Tab sis tom qab cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab tias lawv yog pawg sib txawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab faib lawv mus rau ib lub koom haum tshwj xeeb. Txhua chav kawm muaj nws tus nta tshwj xeeb thiab cov yeeb yam.

Chav Kawm Kab Mob Hlav lossis Kab Mob: Tej hom tsiaj txhu, npe thiab duab

Ib tug txawv feature ntawm tag nrho cov tsiaj ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog ntau yam ntawm gametophytes thiab zoo sib xws ntawm sporophytes. Tag nrho cov me nyuam hauv chav kawm yog li 300 leej thiab 6,000 hom kab mos. Lawv loj hlob yog nyob rau hauv chaw kub thiab muaj xyoob ntoo. Rau lawv, vegetative propagation yog ntau yam ntxwv ntawm ntau los yog tsawg tsim qhov chaw ntawm thallus.

Muaj ntau hom uas tsis ruaj khov rau hauv av los yog saum cov ntoo, piv txwv li, qhov tawm ntawm cov riccia. Nyob rau hauv natural conditions, nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Far East thiab Ciscaucasia. Qee lub sij hawm nws tseem tau bred hauv thoob dej yug ntses.

Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Russia muaj kuj yog ib tug ncaj thoob plaws Lub peb hlis ntuj ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Qhov no Moss loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov av. Lub cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag (thallus) muaj cov tsos ntawm ib lub multilayered, ntseeg tau branching phaj thiab qhov ntev ntawm mus txog 10 centimeters. Nroj tsuag yog dioecious, thiab cov plab hnyuv siab plab hnyuv siab plab yog muab tso rau saum lub phaj rau kev txhawb nqa tshwj xeeb hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub kaus.

Dab tsi yog cov npe ntawm cov mosses ntawm cov chav kawm hauv Liverwort? Cia peb sau ib co ntawm lawv: spherocarpus, pallavicini, symphyogin, lag luam, hymenophytum, metzheria, riccia.

Hoob Listlessechnye Mosses Chav Kawm: cov qauv, npe

Pom mosses - lub feem ntau heev heev cov chav kawm ntawv, uas muaj ntau tshaj 15 000 hom, koom nyob rau hauv 700 yug. Ntxiv nrog rau lawv cov multiplicity, lawv kuj muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub hnab ntawv ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb. Lub gametophyte ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm no tuaj yeem vertically upwards los yog hauv ib qho chaw dav hlau. Nyob ntawm no, lawv faib, feem ntau, rau hauv cov qauv orthotropic thiab plagiotropic. Daim ntawv teev mog rau hauv daim ntawv no tau muab faib ua peb qho me me: sphagnum, andreevye, brieves.

Subclass Sphagnum mosses

Txhua tus paub txog cov npe ntawm mosses. Cov nroj tsuag muaj nyob hauv lub subclass, muaj ntau tshaj 300 hom kab (40 hom pom hauv peb lub teb chaws), thiab lawv loj hlob thoob ntiaj teb. Tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom yog cov loj loj thiab loj ntawm cov xim ntsuab, xim av xim liab lossis xim liab. Feem ntau cov tsiaj ntawm no subclass muaj cov nroj tsuag ntawm cheeb tsam tundra thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov peat deposits.

Lub genus Sphagnum, los yog peat Moss, muaj xws li 120 hom. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv loj hlob ntawm swamps, npog lawv nrog ib tug solid ntaub pua plag. Lub stems tsim ib qho kev nce ntawm 2-3 cm ib xyoos twg, thaum qis dua tuag thiab decomposes, tab sis tsis rot. Yog vim li cas rau no feature yog tias carbolic acid yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub Moss lub cev, uas yog ib qho antiseptic. Cov tuag ib sab tuaj peat, tab sis cov txheej txheem no qeeb heev. Yog li ntawd, nws tau xam tias yog 1 lub metre ntawm cov nyiaj tso tawm li ntawm 1,000 xyoo!

Lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov subclass hauv kev saib xyuas yog ib tug ntug zos tinder. Hlob lub ntxhuab rau cov ntoo, lub npe yog txawv txawv. Habitat: los ntawm tundra mus rau thaj tsam arctic suab puam. Nws yog tsau nyob rau hauv lub qab zib keeb kwm ntawm cov ntoo thiab bark, raws li tau zoo raws li pob zeb. Muaj xim dab tsi xim av los sis xim ntsuab-xim av, lub qia hlob mus rau 10 centimeters.

Peb muab ib co npe ntawm mosses ntawm genus nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug: sphagnum hav iav, protruding, xim av, girgenzone, Magellan, papillous.

Subclass nyuag mosses

Lub subclass yog heev heev thiab muaj ntau tshaj 14,000 tsiaj, 1,300 ntawm uas muaj nyob rau ntawm ib ncig ntawm Russia. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, cov no yog perennials, ncav impressive qhov ntau thiab tsawg: ntawm 1 hli mus rau 50 cm nyob rau hauv qhov siab. Cov xim feem ntau yog xim ntsuab, xim liab-xim av los yog yuav luag dub. Lawv loj hlob, raws li ib txoj cai, ntawm av, rotten ntoo los yog rau nplooj. Lawv yeej tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntsug noj ntsev. Nws yog zoo paub rau tag nrho xws li cov npe ntawm mosses nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, raws li kukushkin flax, los yog nyob rau hauv scientific polytrichum dog dig, plaub brium. Lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb thiab hauv paus cheeb tsam ntawm Russia, feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov.

Subclass Andreevye

Pawg no me me nroj tsuag (li 120 hom), loj hlob hauv cov huab cua txias (Arctic thiab Antarctica). Lawv tuaj yeem pom ntawm pob zeb thiab pob zeb, uas lawv tsim ib yam dab tsi zoo li ntau dua. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no subclass yog lub andree pob zeb, liab thiab daj splines, rotobrium rosette-puab, leucobrium grey, dej drooping, long-legged dikranum. Cov no tsuas yog qee hom moss. Cov npe thiab cov duab ntawm lwm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov khoom siv hauv subclass muaj peev xwm pom muaj nyob rau hauv botanical atlases, qhov twg piav qhia txog qhov genus thiab hom yuav tau muab.

Department of Anthocerot

Lub antrocerot tau yav tas los kho ua mosses thiab sawv tawm ua lwm chav kawm ntawv. Tam sim no lawv sau tseg raws li lub kis Moss cov nroj tsuag muaj ib tug zoo qauv ntawm thallium. Lub thallow yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ib tug zoo li rosette, nyob rau sab sab muaj rhizoids. Lawv yog neeg nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub tropics, thiab tsuas yog ob peb yam tsiaj loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw huab cua.

Yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv Moss los ntawm lichen?

Cov neeg feem ntau confuse tsis tsuas yog lub npe ntawm mosses thiab lichens, tab sis feem ntau lawv cov tsos. Lub ntsiab sib txawv yog tias cov tom kawg yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov qis qis nroj tsuag uas nyob rau hauv Ntiaj Teb ntau ntxov dua cov mosses. Qee lub lichens txawm muaj ib lub npe uas ncaj qha hais tias yuav tsum muaj rau ib pab pawg sib txawv kiag li ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Piv txwv li, ntoo qhib Moss, Irish Moss, reindeer moss. Cov npe tseem tsis tau zoo, tab sis lawv tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo rau lub chav haujlwm zoo li hauv kev saib xyuas. Oak Moss muaj ib lub npe zoo nkauj, Evernia Plum. Yog tias koj saib tus yees duab, nws ua tiav tam sim ntawd meej tias qhov no yog ib qho khoom plig. Nws hlob, raws li lub npe qhia, nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij ntawm cov ntoo, thiab ib txhia cov nroj tsuag.

Lub cev ntawm lichens yog ib qho symbiosis ntawm algae thiab fungus. Lawv tsis muaj keeb kwm, thiab mosses muaj lawv resemblance - rhizoids. Hais ntau dua, lub cev lub cev yog zoo li lub qhaub cij: saum toj thiab hauv qab yog ib tug nceb, thiab nyob hauv nruab nrab muaj algae uas ua rau cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis. Lub substrate uas ib tug lichen yog nrog (feem ntau cov ntoo) puas los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm ib qho kev acid, uas fungi secrete. Ntxiv mus, nws muaj peev xwm ntawm kev puas tsuaj txawm tias lub pob zeb. Yog li ntawd, cov nroj tsuag yog heev teeb meem. Yog li ntawd, thaum lawv tshwm sim, piv txwv li, ntawm cov ntoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo, lawv tsuas ua kom puas lub cawv. Tab sis tib lub sij hawm, lichens yog ib qho qhia ntawm purity ntawm huab cua, vim hais tias lawv yeej tsis zam gas kis kab mob.

Dab tsi yog ferns thiab mosses zoo li?

Ferns nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj evolutionary yog ib kauj ruam siab dua mosses. Qhov no yog piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv muaj ib tug kab mob vas nthiv tsim, los ntawm cov dej nkag rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab muab pov tseg rau hauv cov tshuaj minerals. Lawv paub ntau dua rau cov neeg thiab pom muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv hav zoov. Lub boarder thiab cov dav dawb hau paub cov npe. Mosses thiab ferns tseem unite ib qho tseem ceeb sib xws: lawv ob multiply tsis los ntawm cov noob, tab sis los ntawm spores. Ntawd yog, kev hloov ntawm kev sib deev thiab cov neeg tsis paub qab hau (sportophyte thiab gametophyte). Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv feem ntau yog cov neeg zej zog nyob rau hauv lawv vaj tsev, txij li ob qho tib si xav ntxoov ntxoo thiab high humidity.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm mosses

Mosses nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ib puag ncig yog pioneers, lawv yog thawj cov neeg thaj chaw uas muaj cov kab mob qee zaus tsis haum lwm yam nroj tsuag. Cov nroj tsuag no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov biosphere raws li tag nrho. Mosses tsim tshwj xeeb biocenoses nyob rau hauv lub tundra, npog lub ntiaj teb nrog ib tug ntaub pua plag.

Lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj peev xwm ceev tau cov dej noo, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov tuaj yeem txhais tau los ntawm ob tog. Los ntawm thawj point of view, lawv tswj cov dej seem hauv cov av, thiab ntawm ob - lawv txhawb swamping ntawm forests, meadows thiab agricultural lands.

Sphagnum mosses yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm peat deposits tsim, uas yog dav siv los ua roj, khoom siv thiab ua liaj teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee hom yog siv tshuaj, vim lawv muaj cov kab mob tua kab mob. Tab sis qhov tsim ntawm sphagnum thiab hypnum bogs yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tag nrho cov ecosystem raws li tag nrho. Nws yog ib lub locus ntawm ntau lov tas vau thiab herbaceous nroj tsuag, lub tsev mus rau heev heev kev ua si tsiaj thiab cov noog. Tab sis feem ntau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, yog lub hav iav yog ib qho chaw seem reservoir nrog dej tshiab. Tom qab tag nrho, zoo li ib daim txhuam cev, ua rau tag nrho cov nag lossis daus, nws maj mam muab cov av tso rau hauv cov dej me me uas ntws los ntawm nws. Lub hav iav ua haujlwm raws li tus tswj ntawm qhov av ntawm av qhov chaw uas nyob ze.