Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla thiab philosopher: biography, creativity

Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) yog ib tug Italian humanist rhetoric, reformer, xib fwb thiab cov kws nyob rau hauv classical kawm. Nws ua si rau lub humanistic tswv yim ntawm reforming cov lus thiab kev kawm. Paub nws kim heev ntawm Latin thiab Greek linguistics tso cai rau nws mus ua ib txhij txhua tsom xam ntawm ib co tsev teev ntuj cov ntaub ntawv thiab pab txhawb kom txoj kev puas tsuaj ntawm ib ncig myths xwb thiab misconceptions. Valla pom hais tias lub "Pub dawb ntawm Constantine" yog feem ntau raug nplua nyob rau hauv them nyiaj yug ntawm interim papacy, nws yog ua tau ib tug fake.

txheem

Xav tias lub qias logic ntawm Aristotle thiab mloog lub cev txoj kev loj hlob thiab ua daim ntawv thov ntawm cov philosophy, Valla feem ntau hu ua scholastics, nram qab no Aristotle, mus sib cav tswv yim thiab controversy. Nws lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj yog los tsim tshiab kab ntawm philosophical xav, tsis ib lub tsev los yog tsev kawm ntawv ntiav system. Nws treatise "Nyob rau Library" (1431) es tsis txhob ntawm lub Epicurean thiab hedonistic Christian lub tswv yim uas muaj lub siab xav muaj kev zoo siab yog ib tug motivating ceeb nyob rau hauv tib neeg tus cwj pwm. Valla kuj defended kev ntseeg hais tias tus yuav dawb yuav tag nrho nrog rau lub kwv yees Vajtswv txoj hmoo, txawm li cas los, hais txog, qhov no notion yog tshaj tib neeg txawj ntse thiab yog li ntawd yog ib tug teeb meem ntawm txoj kev ntseeg es tsis ntawm scientific kev txawj ntse. Muaj ntau ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm cov philosopher tom qab borrowed thiab tsim los ntawm lwm yam thinkers ntawm lub Reformation.

Qhib thuam coj mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ntau cov yeeb ncuab; ob peb lub sij hawm ib tug philosopher Lorenzo Valla yog nyob rau hauv ntiaj teb no txaus ntshai. Nws tej lus qhia nyob rau hauv Latin maj attracted xim thiab yeej nws ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau Vatican - qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua "cov kev kovyeej ntawm tib neeg tshaj orthodoxy thiab kev lig kev cai."

Lub neej thiab hauj lwm

Lorenzo yug txog 1407 nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos, ltalis. Nws txiv, Luca Della Valle, yog ib tug kws lij choj los ntawm Piacenza. Lorenzo yog nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos kawm Latin nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug zoo heev xib fwb - Xib Leonardo Bruni (Aretino). Nws kuj kawm cov chav kawm hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Padua. Nyob rau hauv 1428, lub neej yav tom ntej philosopher, sim tau ib txoj hauj lwm papal diplomat, tab sis nws candidacy no tso tseg vim hais tias ntawm cov tub ntxhais uas muaj hnub nyoog. Nyob rau hauv 1429 nws raug caw mus qhia rhetoric ntawm Padua, thiab nws pom zoo. Nyob rau hauv 1431 kuv pom qhov kev tso tawm ntawm lub treatise "Nyob rau hauv kev lom zem." Ib me ntsis tom qab, cov ua hauj lwm twb luam tawm, ua tsaug rau uas txawm tam sim no yog kawm nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws ntawm creativity Lorenzo Valla - "Qhov tseeb thiab qhov cuav zoo." Nyob rau hauv 1433 nws tau yuam kom muab ib tug professorial degree: Valla luam tawm ib qhib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws tab defied lub kws lij choj Bartolo thiab thuam kev kawm jurisprudence system.

lub sij hawm nyuaj

Valla tshuav Milan, ces nyob rau hauv Genoa; sim dua kom tau ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos, thiab thaum kawg tau mus rau Naples, qhov uas nws pom ib tug zoo qhov chaw tsis muaj nyob rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Alfonso lub V, patron, tus neeg zoo tshaj masters ntawm tus cwj mem thiab paub txog nws txoj kev hlub dhau heev lawm. Alfonso tsa nws raws li nws tus kheej secretary thiab Lorenzo defended los ntawm cov kev tawm tsam ntawm nws heev heev cov yeeb ncuab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1444 Valla muaj pov thawj tus neeg raug foob ua ntej lub tsev hais plaub ntawm lub Inquisition, raws li laj mej pej xeem qhia lub tswv yim hais tias cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub "Thwj Tim Creed," tsis yog sau los ntawm ib tug sib lawv liag ntawm txhua lub kaum ob tug thwjtim. Nws thiaj li, Alfonso tswj kom txhob muaj tus foob thiab cawm los ntawm kev poob cev qhev ntawm nws secretary.

Nyob rau hauv 1439 muaj teeb meem tsoo tawm ntawm Alfonso thiab lub papacy - qhov teeb meem yog lub hwv koom ntawm Naples. Lorenzo Valla sau ib tsab ntawv arguing uas txhawb nqa papal txoj cai "Pub dawb ntawm Constantine" yog ua tau ib tug cuav cov ntawv nyeem. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm Vallat hu ua rau ib tug uprising ntawm cov neeg Loos, thiab lawv cov thawj coj - cov nres rau ntawm lub pope mus rau deprive ntawm lub hwj chim, txij li thaum nws yog omnipotent papacy, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam kev phem, los ntawm uas nyob rau lub sij hawm raug kev txom nyem Ltalis. Luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub 1440 sau ntawv, nws yog xws li ib tug pov cim hais tias tag nrho lub zej zog yuav sai sai no paub txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tus cuav "Konstantinova khoom plig".

Yug ntawm cov keeb kwm kev thuam

Nyob rau hauv Naples Valla, uas nws lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm tseem yuav zoo mob nrog rau lub philological researches, nws tau angered tus ncaj ncees uas hais lus authenticity ntawm ntau lwm kev cai dab qhuas ntawv ntawm tsis paub hais tias keeb kwm, thiab kuj hais lus nuzhnost monastic txoj kev ua neej. Nyob rau hauv 1444, nws narrowly dim lub Inquisition tribunal, tab sis qhov kev nyab xeeb tau tsis khaws cia silence philosopher. Nws txuas ntxiv mus ua kev lom zem ntawm "hais lus phem" (Elementary) Latin lus thiab liam ntawm heresy St. Augustine. Tsis ntev, nws luam tawm nws ua hauj lwm "Cov kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov Latin lus." Qhov no ntawv nyeem yog cov thawj tiag scientific ua hauj lwm, tag teem rau Latin lug, thiab tau mus tawm nrog kev pab los ntawm lub qub xib fwb ntawm Lorenzo. Feem ntau cov phau ntawv sau cov nuj nqis suav hais tias yog kev ua hauj lwm ntawm provocation thiab insults poob philologist. Valla tau muab nws witty cov lus teb mus rau feem ntau siab phem saib rau ntawm lub tshiab kev sau ntawv ua hauj lwm, tab sis heev heev invectives coj mus rau lub deterioration ntawm nws lub koob npe nrov nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos.

Ib tug tshiab pib

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Pope Eugene IV nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1447 Lorenzo ib zaug dua mus rau lub capital, qhov twg nws loj hlob cus plaws greeted Pope Nicholas lub V, saws lub humanist ua hauj lwm raws li cov thwj tim secretary thiab txiav txim kom nws mus txhais lus rau hauv Latin lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm ntau yam Greek sau phau ntawv, xws li Herodotus thiab Thucydides. Adoption Valley nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos contemporaries hu ua "ib tug triumph ntawm tib neeg tshaj orthodoxy thiab kev lig kev cai."

Tswv yim thiab tej hauj lwm

Lorenzo Valla, uas nws biography yog ntau zoo li ib tug taug txuj kev nyuaj tshiab, mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug paub txog thiab kawm, tab sis raws li lub initiator ntawm no txawj txoj kev raws li thuam. Nws combines cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug rhiab humanist, insightful critic thiab txawj sau ntawv ntawm tshuaj lom. Tej hauj lwm Valla teem feem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tswv yim thiab hitherto tsis paub hais tias currents ntawm philosophical thought - nws ho tsis txhawb tej yam philosophical systems. Nws siv rau nws kim heev kev txawj ntse ntawm Latin thiab Greek lug, los ua tib zoo xyuas cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Phau Tshiab thiab lwm yam kev cai dab qhuas cov ntaub ntawv, uas feem ntau siv los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj los pab txhawb lawv tej lus qhuab qhia. Yog li, Valla nkag tau rau hauv lub humanist zog radically tshiab dimension - science. Muaj ntau ntawm nws lub tswv yim ntawm philosophers tau saws lub Reformation, tshwj xeeb yog Martin Luther King co menyuam lub achievements ntawm philological Valle.

ua hauj lwm

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm ntawm lub humanist, tsis muaj ib tug tsis ntseeg, yog tus scientific los kawm "ntawm txoj kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov Latin lus" uas tau sawv rau ze li ntawm rau caum khoom nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1471 thiab 1536 xyoo. Lub treatise "Nyob rau hauv pleasures", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1431, yog ib tug uas hais lus txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Stoic, Epicurean thiab hedonistic ethics. "Discourse nyob rau ntawv cuav Konstantinova Gift" (1440) tsim lub hauv paus ntawm universal txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv ib tug kev cai dab qhuas ntawv nyeem paub ntawv cuav. Feem ntau cov philologist hauj lwm twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug sau tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1592 nyob rau hauv Venice.

ethics

Lub treatise "Nyob rau Free Yuav" yog sau nyob rau hauv peb phau ntawv raws li ib tug polylogue ntawm Leonardo Bruni (Arentino), Antonio Beccadelli thiab Nikkolo Nikkoli rau lub loj tshaj zoo. Arentino hais tias nws yog thawj tsim nyog los nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov xwm. Bekkadelli txhawb Epicureanism, arguing tias khi tsis tooj mus rau qhov, thiab hais tias muaj lub siab xav rau Library yuav tsum tau khi hlua xwb yog hais tias nws cuam tshuam rau kev siv ntawm ntau txawm tias muaj kev lom zem. Niccoli confronts ob hais lus, tshaj tawm txoj ideals ntawm Christian hedonism, raws li uas tus loj tshaj zoo - nyob mus ib txhis zoo siab uas tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub puab (nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, txoj kev mus rau kev zoo siab - qhov no yog kev zoo siab). Niccoli hu ua tus khiav hauv cov teeb meem, tab sis Bekkadelli ua eloquent sib cav rau nws taw tes ntawm view - thiab vim hais tias nws yog paub tsis meej uas ntawm lub disputants txhawb nws tus kheej Lorenzo Valla. Qhov no treatise muaj txhoj puab heev thuam ntawm scholasticism thiab monastic asceticism, thiab yog li ntawd hu ua ib zaug heev hostile cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg sau.

Latin stylistics

Rau qhov kawg ntawm lub kaum plaub xyoo pua humanists pib kawm classical ancient phau ntawv, sim mus rau revive tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub Greco-Roman lub sij hawm. Lorenzo Valla, uas nws tib neeg yog reflected nyob rau hauv nws ib qho tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm, muab tso rau ib tug ntau ntawm kev rau siab nyob rau hauv lub unprecedented ua hauj lwm "hais txog qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov Latin lus" nyob rau hauv uas nws analyzed cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Latin cov qauv sau ntawv, nrog rau stylistic kev cai thiab kev cai ntawm rhetoric. Nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm Valla piv cov elegant style ntawm lub ancient sau phau ntawv (xws li Cicero thiab Quintilian) nyob tsis tus ntawm medieval thiab tej Latin.

Feem ntau cov contemporaries Valley, lub npe hu txawj nuj nqis, coj no ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug tus kheej thuam, txawm hais tias philologist tsis hais tej npe nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv. Vim hais tias ntawm no, Lorenzo Valla tau ua ib tug ntau ntawm cov tsiaj, tab sis sau ntawv "Nyob rau hauv kev zoo nkauj ..." tau pib ib lub zog rau kev txhim kho cov style ntawm Latin. Undoubtedly, nws ua hauj lwm yog invaluable; rov qab nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum tsib xyoo pua, lawv yog cov nyob deb ua ntej ntawm lub sij hawm thiab tau txais kev pab raws li ib lub hauv paus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm radical tshiab tswv yim thiab kev sau ntawv hom kev kawm.