Kws kes duab vajtse Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich: ua hauj lwm

Qhov kawg ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj 1812 cov xov xwm ntawm qhov txaus ntshai hluav taws kub tsoo tawm nyob rau hauv Moscow tom qab lub nkag mus rau Napoleon tus pab tub rog, nws tuaj rau Ryazan. Lub tswv yim uas ob feem peb ntawm Moscow vaj tse puam tsuaj yog tshwj xeeb yog unbearable rau ib tug ntawm lub capital ntawm cov neeg tawg rog, vim hais tias cov kws kes duab vajtse Kazakov tau nyiaj ua lag luam tag nrho nws cov txuj ci nyob rau hauv kho kom zoo nkauj Pervoprestolnoj zoo nkauj vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub classical style thiab "Lavxias teb sab Gothic".

Muaj tseeb tiag, Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse

Nws yug los nyob rau hauv 1738 nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg uas los ntawm lub serfs, tau nce mus rau ib tug tseem ceeb clerical plaws. Los ntawm txoj hauj lwm zoo ntawm leej txiv ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Matvei Kazakov nyob rau hauv 1751 mus nyob hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm tus naas ej vajtse Dmitriya Vasilevicha Uhtomskogo (1719-1774), uas ua ib tug ntau ntawm cov vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm poj huab tais Elizabeth. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub zoo kawg li daim duab lub tsev kawm ntawv Kazakov nrhiav tswv yim kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim kho, kev xaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab technologies. Nws los ua nws txwm zoo.

Hnav tseeb drawings, kaj siab lug daim duab molded qhov chaw - nws yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv tus tswv ntawm ib tug hluas hnub nyoog. Nws nraaj kev txawj nws xyaum rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm lub architectural cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm yav dhau los, thaum koj kawm ancient Greek kev txiav txim. Kazakov kes duab vajtse los ua ib tug staunch supporter ntawm ib tug mloog kom meej organic classical style.

Tus thawj thwmsim

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1763 ib tug txaus ntshai hluav taws Tver. Yaj lub nroog qhia thwjtim Ukhtomskogo Peter Romanovich Nikitin. Matvey Kazakov - kes duab lub vajtse muaj Nikitin nyob rau hauv nws pab neeg, ua hauj lwm rau ntawm ib lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws khoom - hauv lub tsev ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Tver. Catherine nws tus kheej menyuam II rov qab los rau hauv lub tshiab txoj kev npaj ntawm lub nroog, hu mus rau lub thib ob Tver kev zoo nkauj (tom qab St. Petersburg) nyob rau hauv Russia.

Npis Sov lub tsev, uas los ua ib tug palace, nyob rau hauv uas paused Catherine rau tuaj txog ntawm tus tshiab khiv rebuilt nroog, ua nto moo kes duab vajtse lub npe, thiab kes duab lub vajtse Kazakov tau txais private nyiaj los ntawm lub wealthiest thiab feem ntau illustrious Lavxias teb sab neeg. Yog li ntawd, rau qhov PF Naschokina lawv ua tau ib lub zoo kawg li manor Rye Semyonovskoe rau tus dej Nara, ntawm Serpukhov.

Kazakov thiab Bazhenov

Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov (1738-1799) - tus poj Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse, uas yog tib lub hnub nyoog Kazakova. By lub sij hawm ntawm lawv cov rooj sib tham Bazhenov twb dhau lub tsev kawm ntawv uas nyob sab Europe architecture tom qab lub Academy ntawm Fine Arts, muaj siv ntau xyoo nyob rau hauv Fabkis thiab Ltalis. Nws tau ua tus qauv ntawm St. Peter tus nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos thiab lub qhov. Louvre nyob rau hauv Paris, soaking txog cov kev txawj ntse thiab kev ntawm cov kev masters ntawm Fabkis classicism: Claude-Nikola Ledu, Jacques-Zhermena Sufflo thiab lwm tus neeg.

Tsis zoo li Bazhenova Kazakov kuv yeej tsis sab laug Russia, yog li sim mus ntxiv rau nws cov tswv yim kev kawm txawj thiab Bazhenov notion ntawm architecture raws li ib tug siab kos duab, mus qhib ib tug tshiab kev zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv tagnrho ob peb ua ke, npaj kev txiav txim siab, nyob rau hauv lub ca ntawm décor. Tej hauj lwm Mathais Fedorovich nyiam Bazhenov, thiab nws tau caw nws tuaj koom tes tshaj grandiose kev txiav txim tau txais los ntawm lub Empress nws tus kheej.

"Lub Kremlin ntoj ke mus kawm"

Ekaterina Velikaya muaj rau Moscow complex txoj kev xav. Zoo heev ib tug sib txawv ntawm St. Petersburg - qhov zoo heev capital ntawm cov teb chaws Europe - thiab tus thawj Throne, qhov twg nws yog rhuav tshem tsis tau Byzantine, neeg Esxias ntsuj plig, uas ciali mus nws lub personification ntawm lub Kremlin. Nws yog ntawm no nws xav mus pib ib lub Europeanization ntawm Moscow, tso lub project ntawm reconstruction ntawm lub nroog center Bazhenov.

Nquag project, npaj lub "ntoj ke mus kawm rau qhov kev siv ntawm lub Kremlin Palace", txawm lub Empress ciali dhau radical. Bazhenov npaj siab mus rhuav lub qub tsev thiab tsim kom muaj ib tug lossis loj multi-storey palace, txojkev majestic facades ntawm tus dej, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm txoj kev kaw lub ntsiab lus qhia ntawm lub radial txoj kev ntawm Moscow.

Tsis pub dhau tsib xyoos, peb tes num twb tiav, ua ib tug colossal qauv ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Kremlin Palace. Txawm lub solemn tso ntawm lub tshiab lub tsev thiab demolished ib feem ntawm cov phab ntsa, tab sis, ces tsis tau txais. Catherine poob kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv peb tes num, ua rau Moscow hem greatness ntawm lub sab qaum teb capital thiab demanded colossal expenditure. Tom qab tsa ua tus reconstruction ntawm lub Kremlin, MF Cossacks (kes duab vajtse uas nws kim heev ob txhais tes-on kev tshaj Bazhenov) los lub puam tsuaj ib feem ntawm cov phab ntsa, thiab ua rau lub npaj rau lub caij pib ntawm kev tsim kho thaj tsam ntawm lub tshiab tsoom fwv tsev - lub Senate. Tiam sis ua ntej, nws tau txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm nrog cov Bazhenov.

Yug "Lavxias teb sab Gothic"

Nyob rau hauv 1775, nyob rau lub behest ntawm Catherine nyob rau hauv Moscow muaj ib tug ua koob tsheej nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub annexation ntawm Crimea thiab qhov xaus ntawm Kuchuk Kainarji nrog lub Turks. Ua li no, nyob Khodynka tau tsa ib ntus ntoo pavilions depicting lub Turkish nroog. Ua qhov no ua hauj lwm twb entrusted rau lub "Kremlin ntoj ke mus kawm" coj los Bazhenov, ib tug nyob ze pab pawg phooj ywg uas rov yog tus kws kes duab vajtse Kazakov.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, kev twb kev txuas ntawm bizarre oriental ntsiab thiab classic proportions yug festive, txhob txwm tshaj tawm theatrical, zoo nkauj style, uas yog hu ua pseudo los yog "Lavxias teb sab Gothic". Nws nyiam lub Empress Catherine, thiab nws rov ua nws nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau check cov ntaub ntawv uas, lub tsev nyob ze Khodynka Teb Txoj kev Palace, nws yuav tsum tau so tom qab ib tug ntev kev mus ncig los ntawm sab qaum teb Capital. Tswj lub project teem tseg Kazakov. Petrovsky Palace tau ua ib tug ntawm cov peaks ntawm "Lavxias teb sab Gothic" los ntawm kev ua cov leading Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse Kazakov.

Senate tsev nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin

Thaum muaj ib tug yuav tsum tau rau ib tug loj pej xeem lub tsev, ntawm chav kawm, uas nws tsim twb kos M. F.Kazakov nyob rau hauv Moscow - ib tug kws kes duab vajtse, yog lub zenith ntawm koob meej thiab txuj ci nyob rau hauv nws prime. Thiab lawv ua tau ib lub voos nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub tsev ntawm lub Senate yog ib tug tshiab ncov ntawm nws creativity.

Kazakov txoj hau kev tsis muaj lub scale ntawm lub Great Palace Bazhenov, tab sis ho tsis tawm los mus rau nws cov kev tshawb no ntawm zoo, zoo tag nrho tag nrho cov ntsiab thiab lub Cheebtsam. Lub dome saum toj no nrog rau, uas yuav tsum tuav zaug ntawm tsoom fwv, muaj feem xyuam rau qhov luaj li cas thiab kev tua. Muab tag nrho cov Senate mus rau lub solemnity thiab majesty, pom los ntawm Red Square, nws yuav pab tau sib haum xeeb haum rau lub classic pej xeem lub tsev nyob rau hauv cov khaub ncaws ntau lub ntsiab square thiab ib ncig ntawm lub nroog centre.

Epic nyob rau hauv Tsaritsyno

Lub palace thiab chaw ua si khaub ncaws ntau, hu ua "Tsarina" ua tau rau daim av yuav tawm los ntawm Catherine nyob rau hauv 1775. Nws yog rau tus thawj yam khoom uas nyob sab nraum St. Petersburg. Peb tes num yog commissioned los ntawm Bazhenov thiab lub npaj siv ntawm lub fantasy style, hu ua pseudo los yog "Lavxias teb sab Gothic" thiab Bazhenov hu ua "mos mos" Gothic.

Rau qhov project no kes duab lub vajtse coj nrog tag nrho cov ardor, rau kaum xyoo twb nqa tawm kev siv ntawm cov complex, tab sis kom tiav nws siv tau dua Kazakov. Ntawm cov ua muaj koob muaj npe txoj kev npau taws, uas ntaus lub Bazhenov tom qab mus xyuas lub Ekaterinoy Tsaritsyna, hu ua kes duab lub vajtse teej tug mus rau lub "Freemasons" - Empress pom nyob rau hauv Masonry quab yuam tau enthrone nws tus tub - Paul I. Nws muaj lwm yam kev xav, dab tsi yog qhov tseeb - nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom paub tab sis tag ua hauj lwm palaces thiab lawv lub chaw M. Kazakov. Cov kws kes duab vajtse sim ua tib zoo kho tus phooj ywg thiab saib, tawm hauv lawm ib co tsev Bazhenov. Suburban Moscow chaw nyob ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsars Tsaritsyno thiab tuag, tab sis revived nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub daim ntawv no, nws yog ib tug nrov nyiaj so koobtsheej destination thiab ib tug ntawm cov sights ntawm Moscow.

Masterpieces "dopozharnoy" Moscow

Txij thaum lig seventies ntawm lub xyoo pua kes duab vajtse Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich ua tau ua li cas hnub no yog hu ua cov thawj ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse ntawm Moscow. Ntawm nws cov vaj tse heev heev qhov chaw ntawm kev teev tiam, presences vaj tse thiab lwm Estates. Muaj ntau ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tau poob nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub ntawm lub Napoleonic ntxeem tau, ib txhia raug rebuilt, tab sis ib txhia koj cov piv txwv ntawm nws ua hauj lwm yuav tsum qhuas niaj hnub no.

"Lavxias teb sab Gothic" yog ib tug whim ntawm tus nplua nuj thiab muaj koob muaj npe cov neeg muas zaub, thiab Kazakov, mas ua nyob rau hauv lub nrov classic style. Qhov no yog lub Koom Txoos ntawm Metropolitan Philip nyob rau hauv lub Meshchansky Sloboda. Nws yog nthuav ua ke teem rau txhua lwm yam puag ncig nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub ntim thiab siab zoo ntawm cov stucco kho kom zoo nkauj, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom txuj ci Kazakova-cov neeg pleev kob.

Zoo masterpiece - Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Cosmas thiab Damian rau Maroseyka - distinguished los ntawm masterful thaum lawv tseem nkhaus tagnrho thiab yuav luag niaj hnub mus kom ze rau lub minimalist nyob rau hauv décor. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm palaces, lub koom txoos, private tsev, lub tsev kawm ntawv cov vaj tse, nws ua peb cov tsev kho mob, txhua tus uas los ua ib tug dai kom zoo ntawm Moscow.

Ib tug tshwj xeeb lub chaw rau cov Moscow Kazakov - lub tsev ntawm cov Noble los ua ke - Lub tsev ntawm cov tsev koom nyiaj. Facades nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev lub sij hawm mus tsim kho, tiam sis cov interiors ntawm ob peb lub sij hawm (lub suite, thiab cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - lub Kem Hall) qhia cov tswv yim ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse nyob rau hauv yuav luag thawj daim ntawv no. Ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas, uas yuav haum li 5000 tus neeg, yog impressive, nyob rau hauv ib tug classically harmonious.

Creator ntawm Moscow XVIII xyoo pua

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lwm cov vaj tse paub legacy ntawm kes duab lub vajtse - ib tug ci ntsa iab kev khwv ntawm masters, ib tug xib fwb uas yog tus kws kes duab vajtse Kazakov. Tej hauj lwm I. V. Egotova, IB Bakareva, O. I. Bove, IG Taman tau thov rau lub tom ntej rov qab los ntawm Moscow, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm pab rau lwm tus ua hauj lwm Kazakova 13 albums nrog kev pab them nqi, elevations thiab khej lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws vaj tse nyob rau hauv Moscow .

Nws tuag, tsis tau dais cov thought ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm tus hlub lub nroog, tab sis ib tug zoo heev txuj ci thiab zog ua hauj lwm Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov yuav tsis tau poob tsis muaj ib txoj lw, thiab cov Renaissance Moscow tseem yuav lub cim xeeb ntawm cov poj builders.