Tsim, Lus
Language unit. Language units ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus - nws yog Lavxias teb sab lus ...
Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus pib nrog qhov yooj yim hais. Lawv tsim lub hauv paus qauv. Raws li Cheebtsam yog cov lus units ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Cov no yog cov Cheebtsam ntawm ib tug lus system, uas yog inadmissible division hauv lawv tus kheej cov qib. Tom ntej no, peb tsom xam nyob rau hauv kom meej lub tswvyim, txhais tau lub cais. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv qhov tsab xov xwm yuav muab tus yam ntxwv ntawm qhov yooj yim cov lus Cheebtsam.
"Splitting"
Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev qhia tswj ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus? Nyob rau hauv cov qauv muaj yog ib tug faib mus rau hauv cov ntsiab muaj feem xyuam rau ib tug tsawg dua qib. Muaj xws li ib tug tshaj plaws raws li ib tug qauv tshau rau lub decomposability. Nws txiav txim seb cov lus chav tsev yog divisible. Decomposability tau tag nrho cov ntsiab muab faib mus rau hauv tej yam yooj yim thiab complex. Ntawm cov qub yog indivisible units xws li cov phoneme thiab morpheme. Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li cov neeg Cheebtsam uas yog decomposed rau cov ntsiab, uas yog rau tus nqi qis theem. Main lus rau lwm cov chav nyob rau hauv txawv muaj ntau seem ntawm lub cev.
kev faib
Hom lus txawv rau lwm cov chav ua ob pawg. Tus thawj txiav txim seb tus yam ntawm lub suab week. Rau pawg no muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas hom uas muaj ib tug tsis tu ncua suab plhaub. Nyob rau hauv kev, no muaj xws li xws lus unit raws li ib tug phoneme, lo lus, morpheme, thiab txawm ib lub tswv yim. Muaj kuj yog ib tug kuj cov ntaub ntawv uas hom. Nws nruab nrab yog ib tug qauv ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm cov nqe lus thiab kab lus, uas nquag siv muaj ib tug generalized lub ntsiab lus. Muaj xws li ib tug tshaj plaws raws li tus nqi ntawm ib chav tsev. Lawv yuav tsis nyob ua ib ke sab nraum cov khoom thiab txheeb ze cov ntaub ntawv uas hom, raws li yog lawv semantic ib feem. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv uas cov lus units tseem muab faib ntxiv rau hauv unilateral thiab ob sab sib dho. Tus thawj tsis muaj nqi, lawv tsuas pab tau kom tsim ib lub suab lub hnab ntawv. Cov no muaj xws, piv txwv li, phonemes thiab suab. Tab sis ob sab sib dho teeb meem, uas yog vim li cas lawv txawm ranked ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus rau lwm cov lus. Cov no yog cov lus thiab kab ntawv. Lus ntau ntau yog tham systems yog lawv lub Cheebtsam.
Lavxias teb sab lus
Los ntawm txhais, qhov no system yog ib tug sau ntawm iconic hais dua nyob rau hauv ib lub suab daim ntawv uas qhia tib neeg kev xav thiab cwj pwm txawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv yog ib cov txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv hloov lwm lub tsev. Nina Davidovna Arutyunov, Soviet thiab Lavxias teb sab linguist, lus xam tau tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb taw tes rau hauv lub evolution ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab lub neej. Thaum tus nqi qis tshaj theem ntawm cov system yog phonetics, piv txwv li cov suab. Saum toj no yog morphemes uas muaj lub ntsiab ntawm lub yav dhau los lawm. Morpheme muaj cov lus ntawm uas, nyob rau hauv lem, tsim syntax. Kwm unit yus tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv ib tug complex system. Nws kuj ua ib qho muaj nuj nqi thiab muaj tus yam ntxwv nta ntawm cov qauv.
morpheme
Morpheme xam tau tias yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws units ntawm cov lus uas muaj ib lub ntsiab lus. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog ib feem ntawm cov lo lus - yog lub hauv paus. Tom qab tag nrho, nws txiav txim lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus. Tab sis txawv lus, tsiaj ntawv ua pib thiab xaus tsuas Nkij los txuam rau cov hauv paus hniav ntsiab lus. Tag nrho morphemes raug muab faib mus rau hauv cov neeg uas ua ib lo lus (preformative), thiab cov neeg uas tsim ntaub ntawv ntawm ib lo lus (hu ua cov qauv sau ntawv). Lavxias teb sab lus yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv xws Siv. Yog li, lo lus "liab" yog muaj li ntawm peb morphemes. Tus thawj yog lub hauv paus ntawm "krasn-", uas txhais tau tias tus kwv lossis. Lub suffix "-ovat-" qhia hais tias tus feature yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug me me degree. Thiab, thaum kawg, qhov kawg ntawm "th" txiav txim seb tus tub los ntxhais, xov tooj thiab cov ntaub ntawv pom zoo nrog rau chaw noun. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab cov lus, ib co morpheme yog maj hloov. Lo lus xws li "lawj", "cov ntiv tes" thiab "capital" ntawm cov ua ntej lawm muab faib mus rau hauv ntau qhov chaw. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm, cov lus no muaj merged mus rau hauv ib tug nkaus xwb paus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib co morpheme siv kom muaj ib tug nqi uas tsis yog tam sim no ib tug.
lo lus
Qhov no ywj siab unit cov lus yog suav tias yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Nws muab ib tug txiav txim zoo ntawm koj lub npe, cov kev kawm, kev txiav txim thiab zog, yog ib feem ntawm lub tswv yim. Cov yav tas yuav muaj xws li ib lo lus. suab plhaub tsim lo lus, uas yog ib tug phonetic kos npe rau, morphemes (morphological feature) thiab lawv qhov tseem ceeb (semantic feature). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus peb ces yuav tsum heev ib tug ntau ntawm cov lo lus uas muaj ntau lub ntsiab. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo li no yog tej uas Lavxias teb sab lus. Yog li, qhov zoo-paub lo lus "rooj" qhia tsis tau tsuas yog ib daim ntawm cov rooj tog teej tug mus rau lub rooj tog, tab sis kuj yog ib tug zaub mov ntawm ob peb hoob kawm, raws li zoo raws li lub feem ntawm cov kev kho mob chaw ua hauj lwm cheeb tsam.
Tag nrho cov lus yog muab faib ua ob peb pab pawg raws li ntau yam qauv. Faib rau grammatical yam ntxwv pab pawg neeg cov ntaub ntawv qhov ntawm kev hais lus. Derivational bonds tsim pawg ntawm cov lo lus. Tsis pub dhau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab muab faib mus rau hauv txhais, txhais ntxeev thiab thematic pawg. Keeb kwm yuav faib lawv mus rau lub archaisms, neologisms thiab historicism. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub Scope ntawm siv cov lo lus yog muab faib ua professionalism, ua dog ua dig, lub suab hais lus lo lus thiab cov ntsiab lus uas. Muab cov nuj nqi ntawm cov lus hais nyob rau hauv cov qauv yog raug rho tawm idioms thiab compound cov nqe lus thiab lub npe. Mus rau tus thawj, piv txwv li, xws li zaj lus xws li "kub point" thiab "zoo qauv". Ib qho piv txwv rau compound npe yog "Dawb Hiav txwv" thiab "Ivan".
Nqe lus thiab kab lus
Kwm unit, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov lus no yog hu ua ib tug kab lus. Qhov no tsim, muaj raws ntawm tsawg kawg yog ob lub ntsiab txuam nrog ib tug ntawm cov nram qab no txoj kev: kawm tuab si lug, tswj los yog adjacently. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov lus thiab cov nqe lus tsim los ntawm lawv yog Cheebtsam ntawm cov tswv yim. Tab sis cov kab lus yog ib kauj ruam qis tshaj cov mov. Nyob rau tib lub syntactic theem ntawm cov lus ntaiv uas tsim los ntawm combining tag nrho cov Cheebtsam. Ib qho tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm muaj - suab. Nws qhia tau hais tias lawv tiav los yog incompleteness ntawm cov qauv. Nws muab nws ib tug zoo ntawm lo lus nug los yog kev txiav txim, thiab ntxiv lub siab lub ntsws coloring siv exclamations.
"Emic" thiab "koom" lus units
Khoom chav tsev ntawm cov lus tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob peb xaiv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug paub daws teeb los yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov kev xaiv, hu ua invariant. Tus thawj xws koom cov nqe lus xws li allophones, allomorphs haiv thiab morphs. Yuav kom tuab lub thib ob nyob ua ib ke phonemes thiab morphemes. hais lus unit muaj cov lus hais. Cov no yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi cov nqe lus thiab kab lus, compound lus, morphemes thiab phonemes. Cov ntsiab lus uas yog tswvcuab Pike - American linguist.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus hais
Muaj ntau ntau tiam sis nyob rau hauv science, txhua tus uas yog yus muaj los ntawm ntau ntaus tswv yim thiab cov hauj lwm cov lus units. Txawm li cas los, tsis muaj teeb meem uas xaiv los mus daws, koj yeej ib txwm highlight cov nta thiab peculiarities ntawm cov lus units. Piv txwv li, lub phoneme yog suav tias yog ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov suab uas yog zoo xws li cov ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm phonetics. Txawm li cas los, tej zaum ntseeg tau hais tias lub ntsiab feature ntawm cov ntsiab yog qhov tseeb hais tias yog tsis muaj lawv nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los mus txiav txim cov lus thiab lawv cov ntaub ntawv. Morpheme yog lus units, uas tsis txawv nyob rau hauv syntactic autonomy. Lo lus, on qhov tsis tooj, yog ywj siab. Lawv yog cov tseem cov nqe lus ntawm cov proposals. Tag nrho cov yam ntxwv yog ntau tsis tau tsuas yog rau txawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm view. Lawv yog cov kiag li haum rau tag nrho cov lus.
Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov qauv
Ntawm chav nyob ntawm kev hais lus thiab siv lus , muaj ntau ntau hom kev sib raug zoo. Tus thawj hom yog hu ua ib tug paradigmatic. Qhov no hom nruab nrab yog tus txheem ntawm lub chav nyob nyob nyob rau tib theem. Cov kev sib raug zoo syntagmatical hais ntawm tib qib ua ke nrog txhua lwm yam thaum lub sij hawm hais lus txheej txheem, los yog mus rau daim ntawv ntau dua-theem ntsiab. Xaab siab kev sib raug zoo yog txiav txim los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm complexity ntawm cov chav nyob thaum lub theem sab yog nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws.
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