Lub emission thiab haum ntawm lub teeb los ntawm atoms. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kab spectra

Qhov tsab xov xwm muab lub tswv yim tsim nyog los nkag siab txog yuav ua li cas lub emission thiab haum ntawm lub teeb los ntawm atoms. Muaj kuj piav kev siv cov phenomena.

Smartphone thiab physics

Tus txiv neej uas tau yug los tom qab xyoo 1990, nws lub neej tsis muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm hluav taws xob yuav tsis muab. Lub smartphone tsis tau tsuas yog xyoo cov xov tooj, tab sis kuj ua rau nws tau mus soj ntsuam cov txauv nqi, rau transact, hu rau ib lub tsheb tavxij thiab txawm sib haum nrog cov astronauts on board lub ISS, los ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov. Ntsig txog, thiab yog ntaus nqi los ntawm tag nrho cov neeg digital pab raws li ib tug teeb meem ntawm cov hoob kawm. Lub emission thiab haum ntawm lub teeb los ntawm atoms uas ua rau thiab ua tau lub era ntawm kev txo tag nrho cov hom ntawm pab kiag li lawm, yog li txawj nyeem ntawv yuav zoo li ib tug boring npe nyob rau hauv physics qhia. Tab sis qhov no ceg ntawm physics ib tug ntau ntawm nthuav thiab exciting.

Theoretical tom qab rau cov lus qhib ntawm lub spectra

Muaj ib tug hais tias: "Cov kev xav ua ntej ib tug caij nplooj zeeg." Tab sis qhov no qhia es mus rau lub fact tias cov tsis ncaj ncees lawm kev sib raug zoo yog qhov zoo dua tsis cuam tshuam. Yog hais tias, txawm li cas los, qhia xav paub ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, tsis muaj dab tsi tsis ncaj ncees lawm yuav tsis tshwm sim. Qhov kawg ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo, cov neeg pib to taub txog cov xwm ntawm magnetism (uas yog zoo sau tseg nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm Maxwell tus sib npaug). Cov tom ntej no lo lus nug, uas yuav cia zaum, los ua cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem. Nws yog tsim nyog kom sai li sai ntxiv: rau science yog tsis zoo heev emission thiab haum ntawm lub teeb los ntawm atoms. Kab spectra - yog ib lub txim ntawm no phenomenon thiab lub hauv paus rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem.

qauv ntawm cov atom

Zaum hauv ancient Greece hais tias marble yog ua los ntawm ob peb daim indivisible "atoms." Thiab ua ntej thaum xaus ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo, cov neeg xav tias nws yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws hais txog yam teeb meem. Tab sis qhov kev paub ntawm Rutherford rau lub dispersal ntawm hnyav hais rau cov kub ci lawm hais tias cov atom kuj muaj ib qho puab qauv. Heavy nucleus yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab zoo them, khaub-ncaws nyias tsis zoo electrons tig ib ncig ntawm nws.

Paradoxes ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub Maxwell kev tshawb xav

Cov kev tshawb nrhiav tau muab sawv mus rau ob peb paradoxes: raws li Maxwell tus sib npaug, tej tsiv them particle emits ib electromagnetic teb, yog li ntawd, loses zog. Yog vim li cas, ces, lub electrons tsis poob mus rau hauv lub nucleus, thiab mus txuas ntxiv tig? Nws yog tseem tsis meej vim li cas txhua atom absorbs los yog emits photons ntawm ib tug tej yam wavelength xwb. Bohr lub kev tshawb xav ua rau nws tau mus kho tau tus tsis xws luag los nkag orbitals. Raws li cov tenets ntawm no ziag no, lub electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus tej zaum yuav tsuas yog nyob rau cov orbitals. Cov kev hloov ntawm ob neighboring lub xeev yog nrog tog twg los yog lub emission los yog haum ntawm ib tug photon nrog ib tug tej lub zog. Lub emission thiab haum ntawm lub teeb los ntawm atoms yog precisely vim hais tias ntawm no.

wavelength, zaus, lub zog

Rau ib tug ntau ua tiav daim duab koj yuav tau mus tham ib tug me ntsis txog photons. Cov no yog cov elementary hais tias muaj tsis muaj so loj. Lawv muaj nyob tsuas yog raws li ntev raws li tsiv los ntawm ib puag ncig. Tab sis tus luj tseem muaj: ciav tus nto, lawv kis nws ib tug lam ua uas yuav muaj tau tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis muaj huab hwm coj. Cia li muaj ib tug ntau ntawm nws yog hloov dua siab tshiab mus ua zog, ua lub tshuaj uas lawv ntaus thiab lawv yog absorbed, ib tug me ntsis rhaub. Bohr lub ziag tsis qhia no fact. Lub zog ntawm cov photon thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws tus cwj pwm yog piav los ntawm quantum physics. Yog li ntawd, lub photon - ob yoj thiab particle nrog huab hwm coj. Photon, thiab zoo li ib tug yoj muaj cov nram qab yam ntxwv: ib tug ntev (λ), ib tug zaus (ν), lub zog (E). Lub ntev lub wavelength lub sab lub zaus, thiab lub qis lub zog.

Lub spectrum ntawm ib tug atom

Lub atomic spectrum yog tsim nyob rau hauv ob peb ua sawv.

1. Hauv keyboards nyob rau hauv lub atom nrog orbital 2 (qib siab zog) rau lub orbital 1 (nrog tsis muaj zog tsawg dua).
2. Tej yam nqi zog yog tso tawm, uas yog tsim nyob rau raws li ib tug quantum ntawm lub teeb (hν).
3. Qhov no photon yog tawm txim liab mus rau hauv lub surrounding chaw.

Yog li ntawd nws tau thiab kab spectrum atom. Yog vim li cas yog nws hu ua hais tias txoj kev, piav txog nws daim ntawv thaum tshwj xeeb pab kiag li lawm "catch" cov ntsaws photons ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv ib cov ntaubntawv povthawj ntaus tsau tooj ntawm cov kab. Cais photons ntawm txawv wavelengths, siv los ntawm lub diffraction phenomenon tsis nrog txawv frequencies muaj ntau refractive index, li no, ib tug ntau deflected tshaj rau lwm yam.

Thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj thiab spectra

Tus kab spectrum ntawm lub substance yog cim rau txhua yam ntawm atoms. Uas yog, nyob rau hauv lub emission ntawm hydrogen yuav muab ib tug set ntawm cov kab, thiab kub - lwm yam. Qhov tseeb yog lub hauv paus rau daim ntawv thov ntawm spectroscopy. Thaum tau lub spectrum dab tsi, ib tug yuav to taub zoo li cas yog nyob rau hauv tej yam khoom uas, nyob rau hauv nws cov atoms txheej txheem txheeb ze rau txhua tus lwm yam. Qhov no txoj kev tso cai rau koj txhais kom meej thiab ntau yam khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas feem ntau siv Science News for KIDS thiab physics. Haum thiab emission ntawm lub teeb los ntawm atoms - ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov cuab yeej rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ib ncig lub ntiaj teb no.

Drawbacks emission spectra

Li no taw tes hais tias ntau ntxiv txog yuav ua li cas atoms emit. Tiam sis feem ntau, tag nrho cov electrons yog nyob rau hauv orbitals nyob rau hauv nws cov equilibrium lub xeev, lawv tsis muaj yog vim li cas rau koj tsiv mus rau lwm lub xeev. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog ib yam dab tsi tso tseg, nws yuav tsum xub nqus lub zog. Qhov no tsis muaj ib txoj kev uas exploits cov haum thiab emission ntawm lub teeb atom. Luv luv hais tias tus thawj muaj teeb meem rau thaum tshav kub kub los yog lub teeb, ua ntej peb tau txais lub spectrum. Teeb meem yuav tsis tshwm sim, yog ib tug paub txog kev kawm lub hnub qub, thiab kom lawv ci ntawm lawv tus kheej nrog dab. Tab sis, yog hais tias koj xav mus kawm ib daim ntawm ore los yog khoom noj khoom, kom muab tau cov spectrum nws yog ua tau tsim nyog mus hlawv. Qhov no txoj kev yog tsis ib txwm rooj plaub.

haum spectra

Emission thiab haum ntawm lub teeb los ntawm atoms raws li ib tug txoj kev "ua hauj lwm" nyob rau hauv lub ob sab. Koj muaj peev xwm ci ib lub teeb rau tshuaj broadband (ie, ib tug nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov photons ntawm txawv wavelengths), thiab ces pom dab tsi yoj lengths nqus. Tab sis txoj kev no yog tsim tsis yeej ib txwm, nco ntsoov hais tias cov khoom yog pob tshab rau lub Desired ib feem ntawm lub electromagnetic scale.

Zoo thiab ntau tsom xam

Nws los ua tseeb tias spectra cim rau txhua tus tshuaj. Tus nyeem ntawv tej zaum yuav xaus hais tias qhov no tsom xam yog tsuas yog siv los mus txiav txim cov ntaub ntawv uas los ntawm uas nws yog tsim los. Txawm li cas los, cov tau ntau npaum li cas wider. tus naj npawb ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub compound yuav tau teem caij siv tshwj xeeb cov hom kev kawm dav kev soj ntsuam thiab paub thiab kev siv ntawm cov ua kab. Ntxiv mus, qhov no qhia yuav qhia nyob rau hauv txawv units:

• feem pua (piv txwv li, qhov no alloy muaj 1% alumina);
• nyob rau hauv moles (yaj nyob rau hauv no kua 3 mol ntawm sodium tshuaj dawb);
• nyob rau hauv grams (tam sim no nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm 0.2 g ntawm uranium thiab thorium 0.4 grams).

Tej zaum tus tsom xam yog mixed: ob zoo thiab ntau. Tab sis whereas physicists cim txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov kab, thiab soj ntsuam lawv ntxoov ntxoo nrog kev pab los ntawm tshwj xeeb ntxhuav, tab sis tam sim no nws tag nrho ua rau qhov kev pab cuam.

Kev siv cov spectrum

Peb twb sib tham nyob rau hauv kom meej, yog dab tsi lub emission thiab haum ntawm lub teeb los ntawm atoms. Spectral tsom xam yog siv heev lug. Muaj yog tsis muaj thaj tsam ntawm tib neeg kev ua si, tsis muaj teeb meem qhov twg peb xaiv cov phenomenon siv. Ntawm no yog ib co ntawm lawv:

1. Thaum pib ntawm no tsab xov xwm, peb tham txog smartphones. Silicon semiconductor ntsiab tau ua thiaj li me me, xws li los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb muaju siv spectral tsom xam.
2. Yog hais tias tej teeb meem nws yog ib lub uniqueness ntawm lub electron plhaub ntawm txhua atom txiav txim zoo li cas ntawm cov mos txwv raug rho tawm haujlwm xub thawj, yog vim li cas lub tsheb tsoo down moj khaum los yog ntauwd crane, raws li zoo li ib co tshuaj lom tshuaj lom neeg thiab ntau npaum li cas lub sij hawm nws siv nyob rau hauv cov dej.
3. Tshuaj siv spectral tsom xam mus rau lawv kom zoo dua feem ntau nyob rau hauv relation mus lub cev, tab sis nws tshwm sim hais tias txoj kev no yog mus thov kom cov ntaub so ntswg.
4. Nyob deb galaxies, cosmic roj huab, planets nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov hnub qub - tag nrho cov no yog kawm los ntawm lub teeb thiab nws cov decomposition rau hauv spectra. Zaum paub nyob tus yeees ntawm cov khoom, lawv ceev, thiab cov txheej txheem uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lawv vim lub fact tias lawv muaj peev xwm ntes thiab tsom xam cov photons lawv emit los yog nqus.

electromagnetic scale

Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, peb xyuam xim rau pom lub teeb. Tiam sis nyob rau electromagnetic scale no ya yog heev me me. Lub fact tias cov tib neeg qhov muag tsis kho npaum li cas nrug xya xim ntawm tus zaj sawv. Yuav emit thiab nqus tsis tau tsuas yog pom photons (λ = 380-780 nm), tab sis lwm yam photons. Electromagnetic scale muaj xws li:

1. Xov tooj cua tsis (λ = 100 kilometers) kis ntaub ntawv tshaj ntev ncua kev. Vim lub loj heev wavelength, lawv lub zog yog tsis tshua muaj heev. Lawv heev yooj yim absorbed.
2. Terahertz yoj (λ = 1-0,1 millimeters) kom txog thaum tsis ntev los no, twb tsis yooj yim. Yav tas los, lawv muaj ntau yam muaj xws li xov tooj cua tsis, tab sis tam sim no no ya ntawm lub electromagnetic scale yog faib nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib chav kawm ntawv.
3. Infrared wavelength (λ = 0,74-2000 micrometers) tshav kub hloov. Hluav taws, lub teeb, hnub emit lawv nyob rau hauv abundance.

Pom kev kaj uas peb saib, yog li xav paub ntxiv txog nws yuav tsis sau.

Ultraviolet wavelength (λ = 10-400 nm) tuag rau tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv excess, tab sis lawv cov disadvantage yog irreversible. Peb central hnub qub muab ib tug ntau ntawm ultraviolet lub teeb, thiab lub ntiaj teb huab cua khaws feem ntau ntawm nws.

X-rays thiab gamma rays (λ <10 nm) muaj ib qho kev khwv, tab sis txawv nyob rau hauv keeb kwm. Yog xav tau lawv, nws yog tsim nyog los disperse electrons los yog atoms rau siab heev velocities. Kuaj ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm ntawm nws, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm xws hwj chim tsuas tshwm sim hauv cov hnub qub, los yog cov collisions ntawm loj heev tej khoom. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub yav tas txoj kev muaj peev xwm pab tau raws li supernova explosions, lub haum ntawm lub hnub qub los ntawm ib tug dub qhov, lub ntsib ntawm ob galaxies thiab galaxies thiab loj heev huab roj.

Electromagnetic vuag ntawm tag nrho cov hom twg, namely lawv muaj peev xwm yuav tsum tau tawm txim liab thiab absorbed los ntawm atoms, yog siv nyob rau hauv tib neeg kev ua si. Txawm li cas los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias tus nyeem ntawv tau xaiv (los yog tsuas yog rau xaiv) raws li nws lub neej txoj kev paths, nws yeej fim nrog soj ntsuam ntawm spectral kev tshawb fawb. Tus neeg muag khoom nyiam ib tug niaj hnub them nqi davhlau ya nyob twg vim hais tias thaum tus paub txog kawm lub thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj thiab tsim ib tug microchip. Agrarian fertilizes lub teb thiab sau high loo yog tam sim no xwb vim hais tias ib zaug ib lub geologist sab nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawm phosphorus ore. Nws ris kaj khaub ncaws nrog cov invention uas pheej tshuaj dyes.

Tab sis yog hais tias tus nyeem ntawv xav mus cuag nws lub neej nrog lub ntiaj teb no ntawm science, koj yuav tsum kawm ib tug ntau ntau tshaj qhov yooj yim lub tswv yim ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm emission thiab haum ntawm photons ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv atoms.