Lub ionization zog ntawm ib tug atom

Ionization zog - lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm cov atom. Nws txiav txim rau qhov xwm thiab lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj bonds, uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txoj kev atom. Txo thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj (yooj yim) kuj nyob rau hauv no yam ntxwv.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov "ionization zog" yog tej zaum hloov los ntawm lub sij hawm "thawj ionization tej zaum» (I1), implying tias heev me ntsis lub zog, uas yog tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tias lub electron yog muab tshem tawm los ntawm cov dawb atom, thaum nws yog nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug lub xeev ntawm lub zog, uas yog hu ua tsawg dua.

Nyob rau hauv kev, thiaj li hu ua lub zog rau hydrogen atom, uas yog yuav tsum tau rau lub proton ntawm lub electron detachment. Rau atoms nrog ib tug ob peb electrons nyob tswvyim thib ob, thib peb, lwm yam ionization potentials.

Lub ionization zog ntawm lub hydrogen atom - yog cov nyiaj uas ib tug lub sij hawm yog lub zog ntawm lub electron, thiab rau lwm yam - lub peev xwm lub zog ntawm lub system.

Cov tshuaj lub zog ntawm lub hydrogen atom yog denoted «Ea» cim, thiab cov sum ntawm lub peev xwm lub zog ntawm lub system thiab lub electron zog yuav qhia los ntawm cov mis: Ea = E + T = -Ze / 2.R.

Qhov no qhia qhia tau hais tias cov stability ntawm lub system yog ncaj qha txog cov nuclear xwb thiab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm nws thiab electron. Tus me no deb, ntau dua qhov lub xwb rau qhov nucleus, qhov ntau lawv yuav twv, lub ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov system, qhov ntau zog yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv so kev twb kev txuas.

Nws yog pom tseeb tias cov theem ntawm lub zog siv rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev sib txuas lus tshuab yuav muab piv stability: lub siab lub zog, lub ruaj khov system.

Lub ionization lub zog ntawm lub atom - (quab yuam yuav tsum tau mus ua txhaum bonds nyob rau hauv ib tug hydrogen atom) twb xam los ntawm kws. Niaj hnub no, nws cov nqi yog paub raws nraim 13.6 eV (electron volts). Tom qab ntawd soj ntsuam ntawm, kuj los ntawm txoj kev ib tug series ntawm thwmsim twb tau los mus laij lub zog yuav tsum tau mus puas vim atom - electron systems uas muaj ib zaug xwb electron thiab ib tug keeb ntawm xwb, ob zaug hauv them nyiaj ntawm lub hydrogen atom. Rau kev sim teem los ntawm uas nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau 54,4 eV.

Cov paub electrostatic cai stipulate hais tias tus ionization zog yuav tsum tau mus ua txhaum lub daim ntawv cog lus ntawm opposites nqi (Z thiab e), muab hais tias lawv muaj nyob rau ntawm ib tug deb R, yog tsau (txhais) nyob rau hauv kab zauv: T = Ze / R.

No lub zog yog proportional rau tus nqi ntawm cov nqi thiab, yog li ntawd, yog inversely xwm yeem mus rau qhov kev ncua deb. Qhov no yog heev tej yam ntuj: qhov ntau nqi, lub zog lub zog txuas lawv, qhov ntau haib dag zog yuam yog yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim mus ua txhaum cov kev txuas ntawm lawv. Tib yam siv rau qhov kev ncua deb: tus me nws yog, lub zog lub ionization zog, qhov ntau yuav tsum tau diav rawg mus ua txhaum lub kev twb kev txuas.

Qhov no kev xav piav vim li cas lub system nrog ib tug muaj zog them nyiaj ntawm lub nucleus ntawm atoms ruaj khov thiab xav tau kev pab ntau zog los mus tshem tawm ib tug electron.

Cov lus nug tam sim ntawd tshwm sim: "Yog hais tias tus nqi ntawm qhov cov nucleus tsuas yog ob zaug raws li muaj zog, yog vim li cas lub ionization zog yuav tsum tau mus tshem tawm ib tug electron, nws tsis yog nce nyob rau hauv ob lub thiab plaub lub sij hawm yog vim li cas nws yog sib npaug zos rau ob zaug tus nqi, yuav mus xeem tus square (54.4 / 13.6 = 4? )? ".

Qhov no contradiction yog piav heev tsuas. Yog hais tias cov nqi ntawm Z thiab E nyob rau hauv lub system yog nyob rau hauv kev sib nrig sib txheeb ze immobility lub xeev, lub zog (T) yog proportional rau tus nqi Z, thiab lawv ntau zog proportionally.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug system nyob qhov twg lub electron xwb e tseem ua rau koj lem nrog ib tug xwb Z, thiab Z yog amplified proportionally txo voos kheej-kheej ntawm kev sib hloov R: electron yog ntau xav attracted rau cov tub ntxhais.

Qhov xaus yog cuab kev. Ionization zog ua rau lub nuclear xwb, ib tug deb (lub voos kheej-kheej) los ntawm lub nucleus rau lub siab tshaj plaws taw tes ntawm cov txheej electron xwb ceev; lub qias neeg quab yuam ntawm cov txheej electrons thiab electron ntsuas tob tob muaj peev xwm.