Lub melting kub kub. melting thiab kub kub ntawm lub hlau

Nws yog lub cev thaj chaw ntawm cov hlau, rau qhov cov txiav txim los ntawm lub tshav pob ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv tib neeg beings nyob rau hauv lub kos duab thiab kev lag luam. Ntawm cov ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm loj tseem ceeb yog lawv melting kub. Paub txog qhov no parameter tso cai rau koj mus ntse muab txawv cov khoom xyaw thiab tsim xis, check thiab high-zoo alloys, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev.

melting thiab kub kub ntawm lub hlau

Rau txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm ib tug muab qhia. Txawm li cas los, cov kev txwv ntawm cov cua kub yog rau tag nrho cov hlau. Thaum ib tug kub, lawv pib yaj, yuav los ntawm ib tug khoom mus rau ib tug kua hauv lub xeev. Yog hais tias daim duab coj tseem ceeb heev tus nqi, ces tus hlau yuav mus rau hauv lub gaseous lub xeev, i.e. pib kub thiab vaporization txheej txheem.

Yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug tag nrho kev faib reflecting lub peev xwm rau yaj hlau. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram qab no pab pawg.

1. Fusible. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li cov neeg uas yaj ntawm cov nqi hauv qab no ^{hais txog} 600 C. Piv txwv li: zinc, sodium, gallium, Bismuth, tin, cesium, thiab lwm tus neeg.

2. Medium meltability. Qhov taw qhia nyob rau 600-1600 ^C. Piv txwv li, kub melting point nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv - 1063 ^C, li no, hais txog qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov hlau.
3. Refractory. Ntau tshaj 1600 ^C. Piv txwv: titanium, tungsten, chromium thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias qhov no faib yog siv tau tsuas yog rau cov ntshiab hlau. Thaum nws los txog rau alloys, cov zauv hloov dramatically, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tej zaum yuav txawv los ntawm lub hauv paus.

Boiling point co yog ho siab tshaj qhov suav hais tias parameter. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias tus melting point ntawm kub - 1063 ^{° C,} tus kub point - twb 2947 ° ^C. Qhov txawv yog yuav luag ob zaug!

Kub: ib tug general txheej txheem cej luam

Aurum, los yog kub - yog ib yam tshuaj caij tooj 79 nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj. Atomic luj yog 196,967 units. Nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg kuv, txoj kev hloov pab pawg neeg. Nws yog hais txog mus rau lub zoo zoo nkauj tshooj, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau:

• platinum;
• nyiaj;
• palladium.

Los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm reactivity yog zoo inert, tsis muaj tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis nkag. Nws muaj tshwj xeeb rau lub cev thaj chaw uas tso cai rau nws siv nyob rau hauv hniav nyiaj hniav kub, technology thiab kev lag luam.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm kub

Yuav ua li cas yog li ntawd nws nyob rau hauv no hlau, uas yog rau ntau centuries chasing cov neeg thiab leej twg los ua ib lub cim ntawm cov nyiaj txiag zoo-ua nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no?

1. Xim. Rau cov tseem kub yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug zoo nkauj sib sib zog nqus daj xim nrog ib tug cov lus hais nws yog xim hlau sheen. Cov kua hlau muaj ib tug daj ntseg ntsuab xim. Khub niam txiv nws daj-ntsuab xim.
2. Hardness. Siv no parameter kub ua tsis tau zoo li lwm cov neeg vim hais tias nws yog ib tug mos mos hlau. Nyob rau ib tug scale ntawm hardness tshuaj (Mohs scale) active tivthaiv yog 2.5-3.
3. Lub melting kub kub - 1063 ^C.
4. Cov hluav taws xob conductivity yog zoo, 75% nrog rau kev hwm mus cov tooj liab raws li ib tug superconductor.
5. Lub thermal conductivity thiab tshav kub muaj peev xwm yog kuj zoo heev. Cov khoom ntawm kub sov instantly thiab sai sai rhuab.

Cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas muab rau ntau dua tus nqi kub, suav hais tias nyias. Lawv yog:

• ductility;
• plasticity;
• ceev.

hlau ceev

Sheer ceev yam ntxwv txhais tau tias luj ntawm tshuaj ib chav tsev ntim. Yog li ntawd kub twb yuav luag lub siab tshaj plaws daim duab rau ib tug muab parameter. Yog li, piv txwv li, ib nrab ib khob ntawm dawb huv kub xuab zeb yuav muaj ib tug luj ntawm txog 1000 grams.

Kub Ceev, lim los ntawm impurities yog 19,3 g / cm ^3. Yog hais tias peb tham txog lub ntuj pob zeb kub, ces nws yog me ntsis qis nqi - 18-18,2 g / cm ^3. Qhov no qhia pub yooj yim rau extract lub co los ntawm pob zeb. Nws kuj ua rau kub kim heev rau ib tug heev me me ntawm grams.

Malleability thiab ductility

Lub melting point ntawm kub, raws li tau zoo raws li nws cov huab malleability thiab ductility ua rau nws yooj yim thiab mloog lus nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm kev paub cov neeg. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau lub rooj sib hais lub tswvyim ntawm "kub nplooj". Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Nws dov nyob rau hauv lub finest semi-pob tshab los xij ntawm kub daim, uas nws tsis poob nws kaj thiab zoo nkauj ci. Kub nplooj nto yuav coated khoom, cov phab ntsa ntawm lub dome lub koom txoos , thiab li ntawd.

Ib tug tag nrho ntawm 1 g ntawm no amazing hlau yuav ua heev nyias hlau, qhov ntev uas yuav tsum tau ze li ntawm 3000 meters! Kub yog raug rau deformations nram qab no tsis poob ntawm lub zog thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov qauv:

• compression;
• cev qhuav dej;
• curvature;
• sib tsoo;
• dov;
• ncab;
• imparting tej yam zoo lawm.

Lawm, xws li ib tug txheej ntawm lub zog yuav tsis nyob twj ywm tsis paub los ntawm cov neeg thiab, yog li ntawd, kub yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb ntawm science, technology thiab kev lag luam.

Ua nyob rau hauv qhov thiab tib neeg siv

Nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj daim ntawv kub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ingots, xuab zeb los yog inclusions nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb. Placer kub - ib qhov chaw ntawm lawv cov tib neeg raug tsim txom. Nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm xuab zeb, av nplaum thiab lwm qhov chaw yog muab tshem tawm, thiab ces sib cais nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb huv daim ntawv.

Tsis tas li ntawd, kub yog muaj nyob rau hauv:

• cov nroj tsuag;
• tsiaj;
• tib neeg lub cev;
• cov dej hauv av;
• lub seas thiab oceans;
• lithosphere.

Ntawm tag nrho cov qhov chaw, cov neeg kawm tau mus extract co rau siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev xav tau. Vim li cas koj xav tau nws?

1. Lub ntsiab ceg - yog, ntawm chav kawm, hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Zoo nkauj kho kom zoo nkauj tsim los ntawm txawv alloys kub yog lub ntsiab feature ntawm cov nyiaj txiag wealth ntawm yuav luag txhua txhua tus poj niam. Lawv yuav muab rau tus hlub, lawv sib piv cov nqi, lawv yuav qhuas thiab muaj nuj nqis.
2. Khoom vaj khoom tsev. Lub melting kub kub thiab platinum, thiab palladium, npib tsib xee, thiab ib co lwm yam co ua rau lawv zoo heev rau siv nyob rau hauv kev daim ntaub ntawv. Ib tug kub vaj tse muaj ib tug high degree ntawm malleability, thiab plasticity, ua ke nrog rau cov tshuaj inertness ntawm cov hlau tso cai rau kev siv ntawm no hlau nyob rau hauv qhov tsawg tshaj plaws cov ntsiab lus, tej daim. Piv txwv li, cov xov tooj, TV, cov cav laij leb thiab lwm yam electronic devices.
3. Kub - nyuaj txiaj nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, uas yog tsis depreciated puas tau. Nws yog tsis ntshai ntawm nce nqi thiab neej ntawd hais, thiaj li muaj ntau kom lawv cov nyiaj khaws tseg yog nyob rau hauv ingots ntawm hlau.
4. Khoom plig rau kom tau zoo nyob rau hauv txawv kev ua si, tournaments thiab ua si yog tua nyob rau hauv kub, nyiaj thiab bronze, uas ib zaug dua qhia txog lawv tus nqi uas siab.

kub alloys

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv ua nws tsis tsuas cim thiab nrov, tab sis kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom. Yog li, vim lub high softness ntawm dawb huv kub hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog ib qho yooj yim mus deform, doog ntshav thiab lwj. Yog li ntawd, cov hlau alloys siv feem ntau nrog rau lwm cov mej zeej ntawm lub periodic system.

1. 585 kub. Qhov no alloy yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws muag thiab feem ntau nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws thiab txawv teb chaws. Ntawm nws yog dab tsi? 58,5% - tseem kub, 34% yog tooj liab, 7.5% - silver. Lub melting point ntawm kub 585 - txog 840 ^{° C,} uas yog ho qis dua cov ntshiab qauv. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau cov hlau zog yog zoo npaum li cas, raws li impurities pab kom txawm peem tsis zoo yooj yim hlau. Tooj ua hauj lwm pab rau txhim khu lub dag lub zog thiab hardness ntawm cov khoom. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias nws yog ntau dhau lawm, ces cov khoom yuav undergo sai corrosion. Nyiaj tej yam nyob rau hauv cov xim. Ua tsaug rau nws hlau ntau daj, ci ntsa iab ntsuab ntxoov ntxoo tsis muaj impurities. Lub fact tias cov kub melting point 585 yog li ntawd cov uas tsis muaj piv rau ib tug nqa kev xaiv, hais tias kev sib cuag nrog cov khoom yuav tsum tsis tshua muaj neeg ceev faj thiab xyuam xim, thiab tsis txhob tawm hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm ib tug qhib nplaim taws.
2. Kub 999. Qhov no alloy - raws li nyob rau hauv yeej tseem zoo dawb huv hlau nrog ib tug me me kev faib ua feem ntawm tooj liab. Vim hais tias ntawm no, kub melting point 999 nce nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau yav tas los taw qhia. Nws yog 1063 ^{° C,} uas yog, lub nqi raws li rau tej yam yooj yim substance. Cov khoom ua los ntawm cov hlau softer, muaj peev xwm ntawm deformation, yog li ntawd, yuav tsum tau ceev faj tuav thiab kev pab tshwj xeeb.

kub 375

Lub melting kub kub 585 yog qhov nruab nrab. Tseeb, muaj ib tug hlau, nyob rau lub noble hlau tso nyiaj rau tsuas 37.5% (375 qauv). Xws li ib tug variant ntawm ib tug yaj index feem ntau Laj 770 ^{° C,} uas yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog puag hlau ntawm kub thiab nyiaj, cov kev xaiv yog tsis siv. Cov khoom yuav tau ib yam nkaus mos. Yog li ntawd, tooj liab yog tam sim no yog tsim nyog. Lub melting point ntawm cov nyiaj thiab kub yog kwv yees li tib yam, ib tug me me nphoo. Cov dawb hlau nws yog 961,8 ° ^C. Yog li ntawd, lawv yog tsis dhau koom tes hlau txo zuag qhia tag nrho nyob rau hauv cov khoom.

Yuav ua li cas txiav txim cov xim ntawm hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua los ntawm kub?

Yuav ua li cas xim yog nrum kho kom zoo nkauj rau ntawm lub teeb nyob ntawm seb tus additive nyob rau hauv lub ntoos sib xyaw, thiab yog dab tsi feem pua ntawm lawv. Liab zas yuav muaj ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv uas lub 50/50 kub-nyiaj thiab tooj liab.

Dawb - yog hais tias koj nkag mus rau ib tug sib tov ntawm palladium, npib tsib xee, nyiaj thiab tshaj. Ntsuab - silver thiab tooj liab, liab - silver, palladium thiab tooj liab.