Molecule: ib tug qauv ceeb thawj. Qhov luaj li cas thiab loj ntawm lub lwg me me

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm complex cov ntaub ntawv, txawm hais tias lawv raug tsim los ntawm me me hais - atoms, molecules, ions. Lub molecular qauv muaj ntau kua thiab gases, raws li zoo li ib co khoom lub cev. Atoms thiab ions comprise co, ntau ntsev. Tag nrho cov hais muaj loj, txawm tus noj molecule. Pawg ntawm cov molecule, yog hais tias peb ua nws nyob rau hauv kilos, tau txais ib tug heev me me nqi. Piv txwv li, m (H ₂ O) = 30 • 10 ^-27 kg. Tej yam tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib yam khoom raws li qhov nyhav thiab qhov ntev ntawm lub microparticles, tau ntev tau kawm physicists thiab chemists. Cov me nyuam yaus tau pw nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Mikhail Lomonosov thiab Dzhona Daltona. Xav txog yuav ua li cas hloov txij li thaum views on lub microcosm.

University kev nthuav qhia ntawm "corpuscles"

Cov assumption ntawm lub discrete qauv ntawm qhov teeb meem qhia los ntawm kws tshawb fawb ntawm ancient Greece. Ces nws tau muab lub npe "atom" qhov tsawg tshaj plaws indivisible particle ntawm lub cev, "lub tsev blocks" ntawm lub ntug. Qhov zoo Lavxias teb sab kws M. V. Lomonosov sau txog cov negligible thiab indivisible lub cev txhais tau tias particle qauv ntawm qhov teeb meem - corpuscle. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub ntawmv ntawm lwm yam kws tshawb fawb, nws lub npe hu ua "molecule".

Pawg molecule thiab nws qhov ntev yog txiav txim los ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm nws constituent atoms. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm zaum tsis tau mus nrhiav ntxaum mus rau hauv lub microcosm uas hindered txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Science News for KIDS thiab physics. Lomonosov pheej hais tias lug txhawb cov miv los kawm thiab nyob rau hauv lawv cov chaw ua hauj lwm raws li muaj tseeb ntau cov ntaub ntawv - ib tug "kev ntsuas thiab qhov hnyav." Los ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab chemist thiab physicist nteg lub lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem, uas tau ua ib feem ntawm coherent atomic-molecular kev tshawb xav.

Atoms thiab molecules - "tsev blocks ntawm lub ntug"

Txawm microscopically tej khoom me me yooj yim mus nrhiav tau, lawv muaj ntau zog. Hais xws li atoms, tsim los ntawm cov tub ntxhais thiab hluav taws xob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg txawv nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm zoo thiab tsis zoo nqi voos kheej-kheej ceeb thawj. Atoms thiab molecules muaj nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm tshuaj, tsis nyob rau hauv kev rho tawm, lawv yog attracted rau txawv quab yuam. Ntau hnov cov nyhuv ntawm lub txaus nyiam rog nyob rau hauv khib nyiab, weaker - nyob rau hauv cov dej, tsis yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub gaseous tshuaj.

Tshuaj lom neeg tshua yuav tsis nrog los ntawm kev puas tsuaj atoms. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, muaj ib tug regrouping ntawm lawv, muaj lwm molecule. Pawg molecule nyob rau hauv dab tsi atoms nws yog tsim. Tab sis rau tag nrho cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub atoms yog sib indivisible. Tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm ua ib feem ntawm txawv molecules. Lub atoms khaws cov khoom ntawm lub caij uas tus. Molecule ua ntej lwj rau hauv atoms retains tag nrho cov cwj pwm ntawm substance.

Microparticle qauv ntawm lub cev - lub molecule. loj ntawm lub molecule

Yuav kom ntsuas lub loj macrobodies pab kiag li lawm yog siv, tus hiob uas - dos. Cov kev ntsuas tshwm sim yog conveniently npaj nyob rau hauv kilograms, raws li lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev qhov ntau ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb system (SI). Yuav kom txiav txim seb lub molecular loj nyob rau hauv kilograms, nws yog tsim nyog los muab lawv cov atomic tes taw hnyav li raws li nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm hais. Rau kom yooj yim, ib tug tshwj xeeb chav tsev ntawm loj twb tau ua tswvcuab - nuclear. Koj muaj peev xwm sau nws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim ntawv abbreviations (amu). Qhov no unit sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau ib thiab kaum ob ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub nuclide ntawm carbon ¹² C.

Yog hais tias peb qhia tus nqi nyob rau hauv kev ntsuas, peb tau txais 1,66 • 10 ^-27 kg. Tej me me ntsuas rau lub loj lub cev ua hauj lwm mas physics. Cov tsab xov xwm yog ib lub rooj uas koj yuav kawm tau dab tsi yog qhov masses ntawm tus atoms ntawm tej yam tshuaj hais. Yuav kom nrhiav tau tawm yog dab tsi rau hauv lub loj ntawm ib tug qauv ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv kilograms, muab los ntawm ob qhia nyob rau hauv lub rooj lub atomic loj ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij. Cov no ib tug luj nqi molecules muaj ob atoms.

Tus kwv tij molecular loj

Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau koj khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv lub xam ntawm heev me me qhov ntau, nws yog yooj yim, ua rau lub sij hawm-siv, kev ua yuam kev-nws. Raws li rau tus luj ntawm lub microparticles, ces qhov kev tso tawm ntawm lub nyuaj teeb meem no yog cov kev siv ntawm tus txheeb ze qhov tseem ceeb. Paub rau chemists lub sij hawm muaj ob lo lus - "atomic loj", nws cim - Ar. Zoo tib yam tswvyim qhia mus rau lub molecular ceeb thawj (tib yam li qhov loj ntawm lub molecule). Cov mis txog ob tug ntau: Mr = m (ib lub hom phiaj) / 1/12 m ⁽¹² C).

Feem ntau koj yuav hnov lawv hais dab tsi "molecular ceeb thawj." Qhov no obsolete lub sij hawm siv txawm nrog hwm rau molecular phaus, tiam sis tsawg zaus. Qhov tseeb hais tias tus luj - nws yog ib tug txawv lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis - lub hwj chim uas nyob rau hauv lub thaj coordinates ntawm lub cev. Rau hauv sib piv, qhov loj yog ib qhov yam ntxwv ntawm tus hais uas koom nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj dab, thiab yeej nyob rau hauv tsis ceev.

Yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim lub molecular yuag

Lub caij nyoog ntsiab txhais ntawm lub molecule hnyav yog nqa los ntawm lub twj paj nruag - loj spectrometer. Yuav kom daws tau cov teeb meem, koj yuav tau siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub periodic rooj. Piv txwv li, qhov loj ntawm ib tug oxygen molecule yog 2 • 16 = 32. Peb ua yooj yim teb thiab nrhiav tau tus nqi ntawm koj (H ₂ O) - txheeb ze molecular ceeb thawj los ntawm dej. Los ntawm Periodic Table yog txhais tias tus loj ntawm cov pa - 16, lub hydrogen - 1. Kos yooj yim suav: M _r (H ₂ O) = 1 + 2 • 16 = 18, nyob qhov twg M _r - molecular luj, H ₂ O - dej molecule, H - hydrogen cim caij O - tshuaj pa kos npe rau.

masses ntawm tus isotopes

Tshuaj ntsiab nyob rau hauv qhov thiab technology nyob ua ib ke raws li ob peb hom atoms - isotopes. Txhua yam ntawm lawv muaj ib tug neeg luj, cov nqi tej zaum yuav tsis yog ib tug fractional tus nqi. Txawm li cas los, lub atomic luj ntawm lub tshuaj lub caij feem ntau yog ib tug xov tooj uas muaj ntau yam tshwm sim tom qab lub point. Thaum cov lus teb coj mus rau hauv tus account lub loj heev ntawm txhua tus tsiaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Yog li ntawd, qhov loj ntawm lub atoms nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj yog tsis tas zauv. Siv cov qhov tseem ceeb rau suav, peb tau txais qhov loj ntawm lub lwg me me, uas yog tseem tsis zauv. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, tej zaum nws yuav tsum yog ib tug pub muab kwv yees tus nqi.

Lub molecular ceeb thawj los ntawm uas tsis yog-molecular qauv ntawm qhov teeb meem

Feem ntau cov inorganic tebchaw yog tsis molecular qauv. Co yog muaj li ntawm atoms, ions thiab dawb lub electrons, ntsev - ntawm cations thiab anions. Rau tshuaj uas tsis yog-molecular yuag lug kuj suav zwj ceeb molecules ntawm cov nyiaj mis, reflecting qhov nyuaj qauv. Peb nrhiav tau Mr nqi rau ionic tshuaj qauv - ntsev uas nws mis NaCl. M _r = 23 + 35,5 = 55,5. Rau ib txhia hom ntawm suav yuav tsum tau molecular loj ntawm huab cua - roj sib tov. Xav qhov feem pua ntawm qhov sib txawv tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov cua, cov molecular loj ntawm huab cua yog 29.

Qhov luaj li cas thiab loj ntawm lub lwg me me

Electron micrographs loj molecules yuav xav txog tus neeg atoms, tab sis lawv yog li me me uas ib tug dog dig tshuab kuaj kab mob tsis tau pom. Tawm particle loj ntawm tej yam khoom uas raws li qhov nyhav, - ib qhov yam ntxwv. Cov kab uas hla ntawm lub molecule nyob rau hauv lub radii ntawm nws constituent atoms, lawv kev sib nrig sib attraction. Lub particle ntau thiab tsawg pab sib txawv nrog lub xov tooj ntawm protons thiab lub zog ntau. Hydrogen atom - qhov tsawg tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv loj, nws voos kheej-kheej yog tsuas 0,5 • 10 ^-8 cm uranium atom yog peb lub sij hawm ntau hydrogen atoms .. Cov "giants" ntawm lub microcosm - lub lwg me me ntawm cov organic tshuaj. Yog li, ib tug ntawm cov linear dimension ntawm cov protein particle yog 44 • 10 ^-8 cm.

Yuav kom saib lub ntsab lug: qhov loj ntawm molecules - yog sum ntawm cov masses ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lawv. Lub meej nqi nyob rau hauv kilograms yuav tau ua los ntawm txawj cov molecular yuag pom nyob rau hauv lub Periodic lus, tus nqi 1,66 • 10 ^-27 kg.

Cov molecules yog negligible piv rau lub loj heev-lub cev. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv loj ntawm dej molecule H ₂ O muab cov kua ntau li ntau lub sij hawm, yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam lub sij hawm no txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog me me tshaj peb ntiaj chaw.