Muaj carbohydrate tsiaj. Reserve carbohydrates rau hauv cov tsiaj cell yog glycogen los yog cov hmoov txhuv nplej? Raws li cia carbohydrate hu ua tsiaj hlwb?

Tag nrho biochemical kev ua ntawm cov tsiaj hlwb yuav sau ua ke nyob rau hauv ob verbs: "khw" thiab "kev siv nyiaj". Tus yau lub cev, qhov ntau tus txheej txheem ntawm synthesis thiab txuam nrog ntawm organic tshuaj yuav predominate tshaj lawv cleavage thiab expenditure. Yog vim li cas tsis yog yooj yim: yuav loj hlob thiab "ua" koj lub cev, koj xav tau ib tug ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hnab yas thiab, ntawm chav kawm, lub zog. Lub ntsiab kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv uas hlwb yog ib tug protein, hom thiab ib tug compound muab lub zog - glycogen.

Nws yog suav tias yog ib tug cia carbohydrate reserves nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab skeletal nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj: ob tug tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nws lub zog thiab yuav tau mob siab rau txoj hauj lwm no.

Yuav ua li cas thiab qhov uas peb muaj teeb

Nyob rau theem ntawm cov tsiaj hlwb organic tebchaw yog tsim thiab tsim nyob rau hauv nws cov structural units - organelles. Proteins uas tsim nyob rau hauv ribosomes, lipids, thiab carbohydrates - nyob rau hauv lub raws ntawm qhov tus endoplasmic reticulum. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj stocks ntawm cov organic tshuaj uas sau nyob rau hauv skeletal leeg, lub siab, subcutaneous rog rog thiab ua caj pas. Carbohydrate spare cov tsiaj yog glycogen, uas yog tsim los ntawm zib muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntshav.

Nws yog tsim nyob rau raws li ib tug khoom ntawm dissimilation zaub mov, uas muaj xws li, nyob rau hauv particular, zaub cov hmoov txhuv nplej: cij, qos yaj ywm, mov. Cov tshuaj yog lawm nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj, lub plab, thiab duodenum. Hais tias nws yog lawv lub ntsiab lwj. Cov uas ua glucose yog absorbed rau hauv cov ntshav hlab ntsha ntawm lub villi hauv cov hnyuv thiab ces nqa los ntawm cov ntshav mus rau cov nqaij ntshiv thiab lub siab, qhov twg nws yog tsim carbohydrate cia ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg.

Yuav ua li cas yog glycogen

Txawm hais tias lub npe ntawm lub substance yog tam sim no, lo lus "glycosylation", uas txhais los ntawm Greek txhais tau tias "qab zib", nws twb yuav luag tsis saj. Feem ntau cov yuav, lub npe hais tias nws belongs rau ib chav kawm ntawv ntawm complex carbohydrates, uas muaj cov seem ntawm qabzib, yeej qab zib saj. Glycogen muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug dawb hmoov structureless. Nws yog hydrophilic thiab ntaub ntawv ib tug colloidal tshuaj uas zoo sib xws rau cov mis nyuj. Raws li cia carbohydrate nyob rau hauv ib tug tsiaj ntawm tes, ib tug polysaccharide yog hydrolyzed nyob rau hauv ib tug acidic ib puag ncig nyob ob peb theem. Cov khoom ntawm nws cov sis raug zoo nrog cov dej yog dextrins, ntxiv - maltose, thiab thaum kawg, qabzib. Raws li cov polymer sib tov muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm glycogen branched saw molecules ntawm ua pawg.

biochemical zog

Peb tau tsim qhov tseeb hais tias glycogen yog lub zeem cia carbohydrate ntawm cov tsiaj hlwb. Reserve ua hauj lawm ntawm no hom yauv nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm hepatocytes, leukocytes thiab myocyte ob thiab ob tog opposite txheej txheem. Keeb kwm: dissimilation, ua rau tso ntawm zib molecules thiab ib tug thib ob - assimilation, uas translates rau hauv ib tug spare tshaj zib polymer - glycogen. Nws accumulates nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab yog ib lub khw ntawm lub zog siv nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov tsiaj lub neej thiab tib neeg.

Raws li tsim tsiaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej

Nco qab hais tias, los ntawm ib tug tshuaj pom, nws yog ib tug macromolecular compound - polymer nrog ib tug monomer residues yog α-d qabzib. Hais tias lawv yog txuas los ntawm glycosidic bonds, ua kom yog yuav tsum tau, piv txwv li lub "swaying" sigma-daim ntawv cog lus carbon lub cev pob txha hexose. Qhov no yog tiav nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua hexokinase cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tsiaj cia carbohydrate tsim los ntawm glucose-6-phosphate. Qhov no tshuaj - ib yam khoom ntawm hexokinase cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lub enzyme catalyzes saum toj no-hais mechanism yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm raum hlwb, mucosal txheej ntawm cov hnyuv thiab lub siab ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg beings.

neej puas glycogen

Raws li peb tau pom ua ntej lawm, lub zeem cia carbohydrates nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb yog cov hmoov txhuv nplej - glycogen. Biochemical kev tshawb fawb qhia tias nws cleavage yuav tsis muab qhov chaw tsis muaj kev koom tes los ntawm ib lub enzyme - phosphorylase. Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug acidic nruab nrab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm inorganic phosphate molecules. Sam enzyme yuav dhia nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub pancreatic lawm - glucagon. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawd hais tias cov theem ntawm qab zib nyob rau hauv nws tsawg. Yog li ntawd, tus tsiaj kab mobilizes cia carbohydrates - glycogen thiab pib mus ua txhaum down, tau ntau glucose feem.

Qhov no yog hu ua glycogenolysis. Neurophysiologists pom tias kev nyuaj siab cov tshuaj hormones - adrenaline thiab noradrenaline ua los ntawm cov qog adrenal, kuj provoking glycogenolysis.

Lub siab thiab lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub metabolism ntawm carbohydrates

Nyob rau hauv biology, qhov loj tshaj plaws digestive caj pas tsiaj hu ua biochemical Hoobkas. Xwb, nws yog heev npaum li cas rau enzymatic tshua kom cov kev pauv ntawm qhov teeb meem thiab lub zog, ie metabolism. Raws li twb paub, cia carbohydrates rau hauv cov tsiaj cell yog glycogen. Nws lwj sai sai ua rau kev tsuas xyaus ntawm cov ntshav piam thaj - lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lub zog rau tag nrho cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg.

Poob lawm tsiaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej compensated nyob rau hauv lawv lub cev los ntawm tau txais nplawv zaub mov: qos yaj ywm, pob kws thiab nplej. Tag nrho cov khoom no yuav degradation nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv, thiab lub resulting qab zib nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, thiab los yeej muaj - nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, tshwj xeeb yog skeletal nqaij thiab daim siab. Lawv tsim tsiaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej los ntawm cov enzyme - glyukopirofosforilazy.

Yuav ua li cas dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv skeletal leeg

Raws li nyob rau hauv lub siab, nyob rau hauv myocyte - mob hlwb, noog tsiaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej. Txij li thaum mob pawg yog loj dua tus luj ntawm lub siab, thiab lub glycogen cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lawv yog ntau dua. Thaum lub sij hawm ce tsiaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej pib phua. Lactic acid yog tsim vim glycolysis, nws nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab yog nqa mus rau daim siab thiab lub raum hlwb. Nyob rau hauv lawv tawm ntawm ob lactic acid molecules tsim ib lub tias qabzib, uas yog ces txhais mus rau hauv lub zeem cia polysaccharide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw siv lub zog ntawm ATP. Yog li, hloov carbohydrate tsiaj cell yog glycogen sau los ntawm myocytes, hepatocytes, raum cortical hlwb, myocardial hlwb thiab mob ntsws.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub enzyme nyob rau hauv lub metabolism ntawm cov tsiaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej

Raws li tau teev yav tas los, kev hloov ntawm cov tsiaj hlwb carbohydrate hu ua glycogen. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ob tug nrog opposite qhia nyob rau hauv lub metabolism: fission thiab fusion, nws yog tseem muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshua. Kev sib nrig sib hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm zib mus rau hauv glycogen thiab rov qab yog tau tsuas yog thaum uas mus koom hauv cov kev tshua yog ib tug complex enzyme system. Nws muaj xws li glikogenogeneza catalysts xws li phosphoglucomutase (converts zib 6-phosphate rau piam thaj-1-phosphate) thiab UDF- glyukopirofosforilaza (irreversibility muab glycogen synthesis). cleavage tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm glycogen thiab ob enzymes sequentially cleaved nyob rau hauv glycogen branching sab chains. Lub system ntawm lub saum toj no-hais enzyme ua xwb nyob rau cov kev pauv ntawm glycogen nyob rau hauv heterotrophic tsiaj cell, li ntawd, qhov tseeb cov lus teb rau ib tug xeem lo lus nug: cia carbohydrates nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb yog: 1.Krahmal 2 Glycogen? - yog cov nqe lus ntawm tus xov tooj 2.

Carbohydrate metabolism thiab nws cov txim

Raws li cov saum toj no muab tseeb peb tau pom tias ib tug cia carbohydrate nyob rau hauv ib tug tsiaj cell yog glycogen. Kev ua txhaum ntawm nws cov metabolism yuav tshwm sim los ntawm ob hom ntawm yog vim li cas. Tus thawj - ib qho yuam kev nyob rau hauv kev noj haus thiab txoj kev ua neej, lub thib ob - yug nyob rau hauv lub enzyme systems ntawm lub cev. Teeb ntawm enzymes muaj feem xyuam rau nws, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau ob qho tag nrho cov splitting ntawm cov tsiaj starch, thiab nws cov degree ntawm zib nyob rau hauv cov ntshav. Yog li ntawd pathologies tshwm sim raws li nyob rau hauv lub tshua ntawm yas metabolism, thiab lub zog. Lawv hu ua glycogen. Raws li hais tseg saum toj no, hloov carbohydrate nyob rau hauv ib tug tsiaj cell yog glycogen accumulates feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab skeletal leeg. Li no, ob hom syndromes: nqaij thiab siab etiology. Cov thawj pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li Glycogen cia tus kab mob hom V. Tus neeg mob tsis ua lub enzyme phosphorylase. Qhov no ua rau yus mus rau lub tsos nyob rau hauv cov zis hromoproteidov - myoglobin tso thaum lub sij hawm hnyav lub cev ua hauj lwm. Qhov no los tau nyob rau hauv lub neej puas nqaij thiab cov tsos ntawm convulsive lub xeev.

Rau lub siab syndrome xws li Gierke tus kab mob. Nws tshwm sim feem ntau los ntawm kiag. Cov neeg mob nyob rau hauv daim siab hlwb tsis muaj cov enzyme uas transforms thawj zaug khoom ntawm tus cleavage ntawm glycogen rau piam thaj nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob cov ntshav thiaj li muaj ib tug heev tsawg theem ntawm qab zib (gipoglikimiya) thiab acetone nyob rau hauv cov zis zoo nkaus li, ua rau cov intoxication ntawm ib tug kab mob.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb soj ntsuam cov mechanisms ntawm cov tsiaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej metabolism - Glycogen ntws nyob rau hauv mammalian thiab tib neeg lub hlwb.