Nceb shlyapochnye. Yuav ua li cas mus noj amanita?

Raws li ntau haiv neeg ntiaj teb no ntawm fungi, cov creatures ntawm qhov, muab tej txiaj ntsim uas muaj tej yam khoom thiab nroj tsuag, thiab tej tsiaj! Tsis li ntawd, ntev dhau los, nyob rau hauv 1970, zaum tau cais lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb realm (nyob rau hauv thaum pib, ntau nceb ranked li cov nroj tsuag). Ib tug science uas piav txog lub livelihoods ntawm txawv tsiaj ntawm cov fungi, lub npe hu ua mycology (botany).

zoo nceeg vaj

Koj twb paub hais tias nws tsis yog tsuas yog dawb, boletus, butter nceb, nceb thiab lwm yam fungi shlyapochnye uas peb tau raws li nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, sau lawv rau ua noj ua haus. Thiab tsis tsuas yog cov nceb thiab oyster nceb uas teev hauv txee ntawm supermarkets. Lub nceeg vaj ntawm fungi - cov coob pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw ntiaj teb, los ntawm qhov nyuaj thiab pom tsis tau cov liab qab qhov muag rau xov-Porcini giants uas yuav muab tau vaj tse, xws li ib tug fairy taleas, me me tsiaj thiab tej kab. Thiab amanita - tsuas yog ib tug me me, tab sis yeej muaj ib qho tseem ceeb ya ntawm lub loj lub zej lub zos. Hais txog lawv ib yam dab tsi thiab sib tham hnub no.

General yam ntxwv

Cov no muaj xws thawj thiab foremost tus naas ej qus nceb: dawb thiab Aspen, boletus thiab nceb, russula thiab amanita, nceb thiab nceb thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv hav zoov - deciduous thiab coniferous, swamps, meadows, nyob ze lub qhov dej. Thiab nyob rau hauv lawv muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv chaw ua si thiab pej xeem vaj, thiab orchards. Nws yog li ntawm ib co ntawm cov tales ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, yog lawv siv feem ntau nyob rau hauv khoom noj khoom haus, raws li ntau ntawm cov creatures ntawm xwm yog edible thiab pab tau rau tib neeg.

Nceb thiab cov neeg

amanita ua si nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus qhov chaw. Cov nceb ib tug ntau ntawm cov protein, cov zaub mov thiab vitamins, uas tso cai rau lawv mus nyob ib tug tsim nyog qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov zaub mov saw, thiab nyob rau tam sim no lub sij hawm. shlyapochnye fungi yuav tsum npaj kom txhij los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm ua noj dab. Thiab nrog lawv koom tes nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm chav ua noj xyaum ntawm cov ntau yam haiv neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb, muaj pua pua ntawm cov qab tais diav.

symbiosis

Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb yog shlyapochnye fungi thiab ntau dua cov nroj tsuag. Feem ntau ntawm lawv - saprotrophs thiab ua neej nyob tsuas nyob rau hauv nrog cov ntoo (los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog reflected nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm cov npe: boletus, boletus, piv txwv li). Yuav ua li cas mus noj shlyapochnye nceb hau? Lub mycelium yog nruj nreem txhab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hauv paus lub paj rwb, ua ib tug thawj muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov hauv paus hniav plaub mos mos, nrog rau tag nrho cov me nyuam ntawm cov chim thiab saturation cov as-ham, minerals thiab dej. Ib tug ntoo nceb los ntawm shlyapochnye npaj npaj organics, thiab uas yog ua rau hauv inorganic tebchaw, uas ua raws li lub hwj chim rau siab nroj tsuag. Yog li, nws manifests lub symbiosis ntawm ntau hom ntawm nrog pab kev koom tes, hu ua mycorrhiza.

fruiting lub cev

Ua tau, yog dab tsi peb hu rau ib tug mushroom yog tus tsuas yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob, nws txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev. Lwm (thiab lub ntsiab) yog ib feem - mycelium - yog muab zais los ntawm saib nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, humus-nplua nuj, los yog lwj ntoo. Feem ntau ntawm cov hom ntawm fungi mycelium, lub mycelium yog tsim ntawm ntau hyphae. Ntawm no, ib co nyob rau hauv dej siab tej yam kev mob (los nag, sov huab cua) thiab daim ntawv fruiting lub cev ntawm fungi pileate, tuaj tawm mus rau qhov chaw. Feem ntau lawv muaj xws li kaus mom thiab stems (tab sis muaj monovarianty: tsuas kaus mom).

Tubular thiab phaj

Tej zaum koj twb paub tias dab tsi shlyapochnye nceb yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm? Lawv subdivided rau hauv tubular thiab phaj. Nyob rau hauv thawj - sib cav tswv yim, npaj rau hais tawm, peev xwm yuav tsim nyob rau hauv lub vos tubules hau muaj ib tug tubular zoo lawm. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - tus hais tsis sib haum yog nyob rau hauv lub hau daim hlau.

sev

Lawv kaus mom es fleshy, tej zaum elastic, uas thiab webbed. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws: russula, volnushki, nceb, nceb, nceb, thiab ntau lwm yam blewits. Syroezhek ib leeg, muaj txog 300 hom! Muaj ntau ntawm lawv yog cov edible thiab feeb coined los ntawm tib neeg cov zaub mov nyob rau hauv salted, boiled, kib. Ib txhia yog heev pungent tsw uas disappears los ntawm soaking thiab kub. Tau kev tshwj xeeb tej chaw nceb, uas kuj muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm hom, feem ntau ntawm uas - yog siav. Nceb no los txog rau lub lamellar nceb feem ntau loj hlob lawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb thiab quav rau meadows thiab pastures. Feem ntau tsim ncig kev sib hais haum, uas yog popularly hu ua "dab nplhaib".

tubular

Lawv nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj ib tug me ntsis tsawg tshaj 250 hom. Lawv tshwm sim thoob plaws hauv lub kub tsis txias latitudes ntawm lub ntau lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj chaw. Yog lub hauv ncoo-lub kaus mom, puag ncig thiab fleshy. Lub tubular txheej ntawm lub hau yog heev tsuas peeled tawm. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias muaj ntau tubular tuaj nyob rau hauv symbiosis nrog ntau dua cov nroj tsuag - ntoo ntawm ib co zoo. Yuav luag tag nrho cov tubular siav. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws paub yog: dawb, Aspen, boletus, Mokhovikov, boletus. Ib txhia ntawm cov hlab muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg kuj tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj peev xwm tua pathogens.

dag sau qoob

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cultivation thiab dag sau qoob ntawm nceb: rau ntau nws mas tubular malovozmozhnym. Txij li thaum lawv tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv symbiosis nrog tej ntoo. Yog li, rau yug me nyuam rau, piv txwv li, birch nceb rau ib tug coj mus muag teev yuav tsum tau ib tug tag nrho lub teb chaws birchwood. Tab sis cov sau qoob rau ntawm ib co ntawm phaj tsis yog tsuas yog ua tau, tab sis kuj muaj tau ntse siv los ntawm cov neeg rau ob peb centuries. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev paub ntawm yug me nyuam rau cov tib neeg mushroom muaj mus txog rau 300 xyoo. Thiab tam sim no lub nrov oyster zus nyob rau hauv ib tug ntub qab daus, nrog zoo zoo.

polypore

Polypore - amanita-cab infests ntoo thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm kev rhuav tseg lawv cav ntoo. Paub piv txwv ntawm tinder, luj 10 kilograms. Lawv feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv lub ntoo. Thiab tom qab kev tuag ntawm tsob ntoo tinder rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, muaj peev xwm tseem ua neej nyob, pov ntawm tus ntoo thiab pub rau lub lwj seem ntawm ib tsob ntoo.

lom amanita

Kev txaus ntshai rau tib neeg yog lom amanita, uas muaj peev xwm ua rau mob loj heev lom. Ntawm no, feem ntau lom xam tau tias yog daj ntseg toadstool. Yog hais tias koj noj nws (txawm muaj welded yav tas los), nws muaj peev xwm ua rau tuag.

Muhomori, cuav nceb, cholic thiab satanical nceb kuj ua rau ib tug uas muaj feem yuav rau tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub lawv yuav tsis tau noj. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, cov nceb no yog edible thiab doubles, uas zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv tsos. Qhov no ntxiv tej kev pheej hmoo ntawm tos nceb. Thiab ua ntej koj mus nyob rau ib mushroom plob hav zoov, koj yuav tsum kawm kom to taub meej lub hom nceb, tsis los ua ib tug tsim txom los ntawm cov zaub mov raug tshuaj lom. Ib txhia shlyapochnye - conditionally siav. Cov muaj xws li: svinushki, morels thiab kab. Nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem tshuaj raug muab tshem tawm los ntawm rov kub thiab dej pauv. Peb kuj yuav tsum nco ntsoov novice mushroom pickers, ib co nceb, txawm xam tau tias yog siav, yuav ua tau lom yog sau raws tus railway los yog txoj kev loj. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov fungi yuav nqus teeb meem tshuaj secreted los ntawm locomotives thiab tsheb. Yog li ntawd, mus rau nceb, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau delve ntxiv mus rau hauv lub hav zoov.

Tus txheem ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm yuav siv tau kom kawm biology zaj lus qhia rau "amanita" (Qib 5).