Oro - ib tug tauj tsob ntoo los yog tsob nroj? Hauj lwm, vaj tse. Oro - txoj kev tuag ntawm tsob ntoo

Hais lus ntawm no mus txog qhov phem txiv neej noj tsob ntoo, feem ntau tshwm nyob rau hauv ntau legends ntawm antiquity thiab txawm nyob rau hauv ntau niaj hnub ntawv xov xwm nov ntawm nqaij tawv. Botany, heev ua tib zoo soj ntsuam cov muab tsis cuag thiab feem ntau tej thaj chaw deb ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm cov ntiaj chaw lub ntiaj teb, tsis muaj dab tsi txaus ntshai twb tsis tau ntsib, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, raws li nws tau piav nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm uas peb yuav tham txog seb puas muaj yog ua tau ib tsob ntoo oro, qhov twg nws hlob thiab dab tsi nws cov nta.

Teb koj chaw cov nroj tsuag - cov East, Is Nrias teb thiab cov Malay Archipelago.

Ib me ntsis ntawm keeb kwm

Rau tsob ntoo no tau ntev tau entrenched tsis zoo heev koob meej. Nws twb ntev xav hais tias lub oro - "tsob ntoo ntawm txoj kev tuag."

Tus heev thawj cov lus Ancharov twb luam nyob rau hauv 1783 nyob rau hauv ib tug London magazine nrog cov lus ntawm ib tug Englishman, ua hauj lwm tus kws phais neeg ntawm cov kob ntawm Java. Lawv hais tias, raws li hauv zos xaiv, tsob ntoo no yog li ntawd lom uas nyob ib ncig ntawm ib lub vojvoog ntawm 15 miles txhua txhua nyob tshaj plaws tuag. Thiab dua li, zus tau tej cov no tsob ntoo tshuaj lom equate rau kev tuag (nws tau mined feem ntau convicts). Nws muab tawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv kiag li tsis muaj tseeb, tab sis cov duab ntawm "txoj kev tuag tsob ntoo" tau txij li thaum tseem nrog cov txawj nyeem ntawv heev thiab kis tau. Yog li ntawd lo lus oro ua legendary.

Thiab G. Rumpf (Dutch botanist) phem hwjchim ci ntsa iab ntxiv tsob ntoo. Nws twb raug xa nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm XVII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub colony (Makassar), mus nrhiav tau tawm yog dab tsi cog natives muab tshuaj lom, uas lawv siv los tshuaj lom xib xub. Rumpf rau 15 xyoo cia li fished qhov tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv rau nws los ntawm cov neeg hauv zos. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, qhov tshwm sim yog ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm qhov raug iab liam lom tsob ntoo.

Oro - tsob ntoo, uas muaj ntau yam paj huam muaj nplooj siab lawv verses (piv txwv li, AS Pushkin).

Ntau tom qab, ib tug zoo kawg nkaus tsob nroj tau raug kawm nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Txawm cov thawj soj ntsuam, uas paub txog qhov phem dab neeg hais txog lub "tsob ntoo ntawm txoj kev tuag", tau loj cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov noog carefree thiab so zaum rau ntawm lub ceg ntawm no nroj tsuag.

Thaum lub sij hawm, nws tau los ua tseeb tias ceg thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm tsob ntoo yog harmless rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj. Nyaum yog nws tsuas yog tus kua txiv ntws los ntawm tus txhaum qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm lub natives tau siv tshuaj lom cob rau ntub arrowheads npaj rau cov yeeb ncuab.

Niaj hnub no, nrog rau qhov no cog tsis muaj lawm thov phem phem txhais ntawm "tsob ntoo ntawm txoj kev tuag." Thiab nws zoo li tsob ntoo oro? Qhov no yog ib me ntsis ntxiv nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

Oro (ntoo): hauj lwm

Oro - ib tug genus ntawm cov nroj tsuag (mulberry tsev neeg), teej tug mus rau lub evergreen ntoo los yog lov tas vau. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nws yog ib tug txheeb ze ze ntawm mulberry thiab daim duab. Tseem muaj ib co tshuaj lom hom Anchar.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias ob lub tsos thiab ib puag ncig ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tsob ntoo no yog tsis zoo li dab tsi yog hais nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov paj huam.

Muaj nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntawm ib tug treelike Juniper Juniper, feem ntau muaj cov duab ntawm ib tsob ntoo nrog ib tug gnarled, ib coarse thiab heev cov khoom ntoo. Nws yog pom nyob rau hauv lub roob ntawm stony xau thiab cov pob zeb, nyob qhov twg muaj yog feem ntau tsis muaj nyom hlob. Qhov no nroj tsuag yog tsis lom, tiam sis nws zoo txawv txawv rau Europeans. Muaj yog speculation hais tias cov kws sau paj lug yuav confuse lub ob nroj tsuag los yog tsuas yog koom nrog lawv thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug txaus ntshai tsob ntoo, nqa txoj kev tuag.

Lub qhov siab ntawm cov slender lub cev oro tsob ntoo yog 40 meters. Crohn me me, npawv, nrog yooj yim yoojyim ib tug ntev ntawm 10-20 centimeters.

Lub paj muaj me me, cramped thiab nruj nreem sau nyob rau hauv Inflorescences nrog Goblet languishing nyob ib ncig ntawm.

Qia muaj ntau me me fruitlets, zaum heev nruj nreem thiab txhua muaj nws tus hluas perianth.

zog

Oro - ib tsob ntoo uas muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov nplooj kua txiv, uas thaum ntaus rau lub cev muaj peev xwm tsuas tshwm sim ntawm daim tawv nqaij rwj. Antiarin muaj zog tshuaj lom muaj peev xwm tsuas yog tau nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb distillation ancharnogo kua txiv (lub scientific lub npe ntawm tsob ntoo - "antiaris"). Cia li ib txwm thiab muaj los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov raug tshuaj lom ntev ntau tshaj ib lub lim tiam.

Ntawm lwm yam, txawm tsis yog ib tug heev zoo lub koob npe nrov ntawm tsob ntoo, nyob hauv zos lug siv nws tuab zoo nkauj thiab kuj elastic tawv rau khaub ncaws thiab ntaub pua plag. Craftsmen tsim ib tug tuab dawb ntaub haum rau xaws ris ntev thiab tsho.

Hais txog qhov kev artist

Nws generic npe (Antiaris toxicaria) yog invented los ntawm Frenchman Jacques Lesheno (traveler, naturalist thiab botanist). Nws kuj piav cov nroj tsuag.

Nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lub Javanese oro - yog tshuaj lom.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nws yog txaus ntshai, cov dab neeg, tsob ntoo yog siab thiab zoo nkauj, loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov Islands tuaj ntawm lub Malay Archipelago, tiam sis feem ntau nws yog ib qho nyob rau hauv Java.

Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, qhov no tsob nroj belongs rau tsev neeg ntawm lub nettle.

vaj tse

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv lub tropics muaj, raws li piav zaj paj huam "kho siab loj hlob" nyob rau sands ntoo. Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug rainforest? Cov teeb no yog heev ntau haiv neeg tej nroj tsuag, ntoo, entwined nrog txawv hmab. Oro hauv cov suab puam tsis loj hlob, cov ntau lub av yuav tsum tsis txhob lean rau nws. Nws hlob nyob rau hauv ib tug phooj ywg zej zog nrog rau lwm cov nroj tsuag, uas yog nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev cuam tshuam. Muaj, li cas los xij, ib co "hav ntawm txoj kev tuag" yog nyob rau hauv Java, muaj li ntawm pawg ntawm volcanic kev ua si cov khoom ntawm tej chaw no (leej faj vapor thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide). oro Pushkin Tej zaum nws twb loj hlob nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib qho ntawm cov nram hav?

Botanists tau muab faib ob peb hom Anchar loj hlob nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, nyob rau hauv cov kob ntawm Sri Lanka thiab thoob Malaysia (ntais kua txiv Anchar cov chaw yog heev tshuaj lom), mus txog rau lub Philippine Islands. Nonpoisonous oro ( "tsob ntoo hnab") yog haiv Is Nrias teb. tseeb tawv yog siv los ua check hnab yam khoom.

daim ntawv thov

Raws li sau tseg saum toj no, tsis nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txaus ntshai oro. Qhov no kua txiv nws yog lom. Thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm nws subspecies yog cov neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lo lus oro lom. Nws yog nws kua txiv ib txwm nyob rau hauv Java tshuaj lom arrowheads. Anchar kua txiv nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem thiab tshuaj lom xib xub rau "sarbakana" (huab cua phom loj), thiab cov neeg uas koom nyob rau hauv lub extraction ntawm kua txiv, yuav yooj yim raug kev txom nyem.

Yad txwv tsis pub (los yog boa txwv thiab boon-txwv tsis pub) - ib tug ntais kua txiv, uas thaum distilled nrog tus cawv tau antiarin paub. Qhov no yog ib tug heev muaj zog tshuaj lom, uas crystallizes nyob rau hauv tsis muaj kob ci ntsa iab daim ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Yog lwm subspecies - oro Bennett, loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov kob ntawm Vitu thiab muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov zoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo xim carminic. Nws tawv muaj zoo heev bast fibers uas ua crafts. Tsis tas li ntawd ntawm lawv ua ib lub hnab nyob rau hauv Ceylon thiab lub East Indies.

Lub zog ntawm cov venom

Txawm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua, ib yam tshuaj lom los ntawm cov ntais kua txiv ancharnogo hu ua "Macassar" yog ib feem ntawm tus sau los ntawm lub British Tsev khaws puav pheej (London), thiab ces nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua tau raug soj ntsuam thiab cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm nws.

Qhov kev kuaj ntawd antiarin - glycoside, nyob ze rau qhov digitalis glycosides thiab lwm yam mob glycosides tsob nroj, sai sai rau lub plawv mob. Muaj yog ib tug kua txiv Anchar lwm yam, tab sis tsawg tshawb nrhiav tshuaj lom.

xaus

Rehabilitated oro. Qhov no yog vim muaj ib tug meej kev tshawb fawb.

Ib tug ntau ntawm lub sij hawm twb dhau, ua ntej ib tsob ntoo muaj peev xwm kom huv si ntsuam xyuas thiab dispel qhov txaus ntshai tsis ncaj ncees lawm lub tswv yim hais txog nws. Cia lub venom nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm concelebrated phem, grim kev pab cuam, tab sis muaj nyob rau hauv tsob ntoo no thiab pab tau, raws li sau tseg saum toj no.

Yog li, lo lus oro tsis kis tau tuag nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. On qhov tsis tooj, ib sab nws loj hlob zoo thiab loj hlob tuaj zoo hmab, ntoo thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag.