Paul Feyerabend: Basic tswv yim

Lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua tau coj noob neej ib tug ntau ntawm disappointments: devalued tib neeg lub neej poob rov hais dua cov hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, koob pheej ntawm lawv thiab cov kwvtij nkauj muam uas li fiercely tiv thaiv ua ntej. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev zoo thiab kev phem muaj tau ib cov xim tshiab, thiab txawm tau. Tag nrho cov dab neeg twb paub tseeb tias yog ib tug txheeb ze. Txawm xws li ib tug lig ruaj khov notion ntawm 'paub', raug hnyav thuam thiab tsis ntseeg. Txij thaum ntawd los, raws li philosophy los ua kev koom cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm, nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm zaum tuaj troubled lub sij hawm. Methodological Anarchism Paul Feyerabend tau ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no. Nws philosophical views yuav qhia rau peb cov tsab xov xwm no.

Provocateur scientific lub zej zog

Paul Karl Feyerabend nyob rau hauv cov tsoos ntiaj teb no ntawm philosophy yog ib tug tiag tiag yog dab ntxwg nyoog los thawj ua tibneeg. Tsis tsuas yog hais tias, nws mas tag nrho cov ntau kev cai thiab cov kev cai ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nws xav shaken txoj cai ntawm science nyob rau hauv feem ntau. Ua ntej nws tsos yog ib tug stronghold ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm tsis paub. Thaum kawg no siv tau rau cov neeg discoveries uas muaj twb tau proven. Yuav ua li cas yuav koj nug cov empirical pov thawj? Feyerabend lawm hais tias nws yog tiag tiag. Nws tsis tau tsis txhob thiab outright outrageous. Kuv nyiam nyob lub sij hawm ntawd rau hau ntswj cov nqe lus ntawm Marx los yog Mao Zedong, xa mus rau qhov kev kawm ntawm shamans nyob rau hauv Latin America thiab txoj kev vam meej ntawm lawv cov khawv koob tiag sib cav qhov yuav tsum tau tsis txhob kis tau los ntawm kev quab yuam psychics. Muaj ntau philosophers uas lub sij hawm ntshai nws cias li ib tug bully los yog ib tug clown. Cuaj kaum, nws lub hom phiaj nyob rau ntawm cov feem ntau exciting tau ntawm tib neeg kev xav nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo.

Tsis hais lus-anarchy

Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo tej hauj lwm, sau tias Paul Feyerabend, yog phau ntawv "Tiv thaiv methodological compulsion." Nyob rau hauv nws, nws cav txaus ntseeg tias feem coob ntawm scientific discoveries tsis tshwm sim siv pa tswv yim, tab sis precisely vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov tsis kam muab. Philosopher science hu ua zoo huv si qhov muag yog tsis clouded qub kev cai. Peb feem ntau mas yeej muaj tseeb tias paub. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum nws hloov tawm hais tias qhov tseeb yog sib txawv heev kev xav. Yog li ntawd, Povlauj Feyerabend hais tias lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "txhua yam yog tau". Kos, thiab tsis cia siab rau - uas yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws philosophy. Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi extraordinary nyob rau hauv no. Tab sis lub philosopher txiav txim siab los txawm sim cov theories uas tau ntev ua ib tug ncej hauv lawv lub teb. Yuav ua li cas tam sim ntawd tshwm sim los ntse cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau nws ib puag ncig, lub classical kawm siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nws txawm criticized lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav thiab cov kev tshawb fawb qhov tseeb, uas rau centuries tau ua raws li cov kev soj ntsuam.

Ib lwm txoj kev xav

Dab tsi rov qab Paul Feyerabend? Tawm tsam txoj kev kos kev xaus ntawm uas twb muaj lawm lub tswvyim thiab pom qhov tseeb ntawm nws txhawb txoj kev siv cov incompatible tom ntej glance absurd hypothesis. Qhov no incompatibility tej kev puas. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, zaum yuav muaj peev xwm los soj ntsuam txhua ntawm lawv. Philosopher tswv yim kuj tsis squeamish txaus siab mus rau ntev tsis nco qab lawm theories, raws li yog hais raws li qhov adage hais tias txhua yam yog tshiab - yog zoo tsis nco qab lawm laus. Feyerabend piav txog nws heev tsuas: tsis muaj ib tug kev tshawb xav tsis tau tag nrho kev ruaj ntseg tiv thaiv tau tsis kam lees nws tej daim ntawv qhia. Tam sim no los yog yav tom ntej, muaj yog ib qhov tseeb hais tias yuav muab nws tso rau hauv lo lus nug. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug yuav tsum tsis quav ntsej ua purely tib neeg caij, vim hais tias zaum no xaiv tseeb twb nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm tus kheej nyiam, los ntawm ib tug lub siab xav mus ua pov thawj rau lawv cov ntaub ntawv.

Paul Feyerabend: Philosophy ntawm Science

Ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau ntawm cov philosopher rau scientific kev txawj ntse yog lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau sib tw theories, uas yog loj hlob. Interacting nrog txhua lwm yam, lawv yuav tsum tau tsis tu ncua lawm. Nrog rau cov dominance ntawm ib tug kev tshawb xav nws txaus ntshai zakostenet thiab tig mus rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov tswvyim hais ua dabneeg. Feyerabend yog ib tug ardent tus nrog sib ntaus ntawm lub tswv yim tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm, thaum tshiab theories txawj los ntawm cov laus. Nws ntseeg hais tias, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, txhua nram qab no hypothesis cancels ib yav dhau los, yog muaj kev koom contradicts nws. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws pom lub zog ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev xav thiab lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm noob neej.

connoisseurs qws

Ib co ntawm cov nqe lus Feyerabend yuav npaum li cas raws li ib tug tsis kam muab ntawm lub taub hau ntawm science nyob rau hauv feem ntau. Tab sis qhov no yog tsis muaj tseeb. Nws tsuas qhia rau peb hais tias peb yuav tsum tsis txhob unconditionally vam khom rau tus Infallibility ntawm science. Piv txwv li, tsis zoo li nws kawm Popper, uas muaj zaum tsis pom zoo lawv tus kheej theories, Paul Feyerabend insisted on qhov yuav tsum tau los xyuas kom meej lawv hypothesis los ntawm ob peb cov lus qhia. Nws yog ntshaw lub tsev nyob rau txawv bases. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, nws yog ua tau kom tsis txhob muaj qhov muag tsis pom nws tus kheej-kev ncaj ncees. Nws yog ib tug me ntsis zoo li ib tug kev ua si ntawm "Yuav ua li cas? Qhov twg? Thaum twg? ", Nyob rau hauv uas cov kws txawj ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv, cia li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ib co hypothetical teb experimentally xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws.

Yog muaj lus nug unanswered

Ib qho ntawm feem muaj teeb meem cov phau ntawv uas Povlauj sau Feyerabend - "Tiv thaiv txoj kev". Lub tswv yim rau nws cov creation muab nws tus phooj ywg lub philosopher Imre Lakatos. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias txhua txhua hypothesis formulated nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no Feyerabend, Lakatos las qhov loj tshaj plaws thuam thiab tsim nws - refuting. Tus tsim raws li ib yam ntawm cov kev txawj ntse duel yog cia li nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm tus tsim ntawm methodological anarchism. Tiv thaiv qhov kev siv ntawm lub tswv yim no Lakatos tuag nyob rau hauv 1974. Tab sis Feyerabend tseem tso ib phau ntawv luam tawm, txawm nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug lub xeev ntawm ib tug ib nrab. Tom qab ntawd, cov philosopher sau hais tias nws nres rau ntawm lub rationalist txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov khoom no zoo li Imre hu rau lawv lub cev.

Paul Feyerabend. "Science nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb haiv neeg"

Tej zaum qhov no yog qhov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub philosopher ua ib tug txawm loj scandal dua "Tiv thaiv txoj kev". Nws zoo nkaus li raws li Feyerabend ncaj antistsientist. Nws smashes rau smithereens tag nrho cov uas, nyob rau hauv hais tias muaj ntau tiam ntawm zaum ntseeg nyob rau hauv tus dawb huv Grail. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau txhua yam nyob rau hauv phau phau ntawv no, ib tus neeg hu philosopher lees hais tias txhua yam nws tau cia li ua. "Yuav kom nyob rau ib yam dab tsi yog tsim nyog," - nws hais tias confidently. Ntawm no Feyerabend thiab tsim ib tug tag nrho lub hom phiaj rau tejzaum nws ntxiv rau shock cov neeg tuaj saib. Thiab yog li ua rau nws muaj zog txaus siab hais tias yuav tsis tsis cuam tshuam rau cov muag khoom ntawm phau ntawv. Ob peb loj zaum yuav honestly hais tias tag nrho cov ntawm nws kev tshawb fawb yog far-fetched. Txawm tias feem ntau raws nraim li nws yog nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, tej zaum nws yog lwm provocation?

Buffoon los yog txoj cai muaj?

Yuav ua li cas nws xav mus cuag nws theories ntawm Paul Feyerabend? Cov kev taw qhia ntawm philosophical xav nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th yog heev yooj yim los mus piav txog nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm. Qhov ntau yam "isms" blossomed tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kos duab tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv science, raws li zoo raws li ib tug txoj kev ntawm shocking cov nqe lus thiab Tso nws tus kheej mus rau lub ntiaj teb no tau ua ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj. Ua resentment thiab npau taws rau cov neeg rau nws provocative hypotheses, Feyerabend xav ntxias lawv refutation. Koj tsis pom zoo? Kuv xav hais tias kuv mus kom ze yog tsis ncaj ncees lawm? Ua kom kuv! Nqa koj daim ntawv pov thawj! Nws ciali mus tsim kho noob neej tsis ntseeg blindly ntev-paub qhov tseeb, thiab mus nrhiav cov lus teb rau lawv tus kheej. Tej zaum yog hais tias tus hauv phau ntawv "Science nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb Society" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb xeeb version, ntau cov lus nug txog creativity Feyerabend yuav ploj los ntawm lawv tus kheej.

Kuv Yog Paul Feyerabend antistsientistom los yog tsim ib cov tswvyim tshiab ntawm kev txawj ntse? Nyeem nws ua hauj lwm, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los teb lo lus nug no. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nws formulated nws lub tswv yim kom meej meej heev, txawm dramatically, muaj yog ib tug hneev taw tag nrho cov ntawm no - ib tug conglomeration ntawm provocative nqe lus. Tej zaum, lub ntsiab muaj nqis ntawm lub philosopher yog nws siv mus rau lub Infallibility ntawm science thiab qhov yuav tsum tau mus nrhiav txoj kev paub txog lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, yuav tau ntsib nrog rau cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm no nthuav cwm pwm cia li tsim nyog.