Polymorphism - yog dab tsi? kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic polymorphism

Caj polymorphism - ib tug mob nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib tug ntev ntau yam ntawm cov noob, tab sis cov zaus ntawm cov feem ntau tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim noob nyob rau hauv ib tug pej xeem ntawm ntau tshaj ib feem pua. Tswj nws yog vim rau qhov hloov ntawm cov noob, raws li zoo raws li lawv qhov recombination. Raws li kev tshawb fawb, tus zaum uas ua lub caj polymorphism yog thoob plaws, vim hais tias noob ob peb ua ke yuav ua tau ob peb lab.

loj mov

Los ntawm ib tug loj mov ntawm polymorphism nws nyob rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws adaptation ntawm cov pejxeem mus rau qhov tshiab ib puag ncig, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub evolution yog sai npaum li cas. Ib tug kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov polymorphic alleles siv cov tshuaj ntsuam genetic txoj kev, muaj yog tsis muaj tswv yim ploj. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug noob nyob rau hauv lub genotype yog nqa tawm los ntawm hla cov neeg uas muaj ntau phenotypic yam ntxwv txhais genome. Yog hais tias koj paub ntau npaum li cas ntawm ib tug tej pejxeem comprise cov neeg uas sib txawv phenotypes, nws yuav tau mus muab cov xov tooj ntawm alleles uas cuam tshuam rau tsim ntawm ib tug kev zoo losis phem.

Yuav ua li cas nws tag nrho cov pib?

Noob caj noob ces pib vam nyob rau hauv lub 60-ies ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws yog ces hais tias pib yuav tsum tau siv electrophoresis ntawm cov nqaijrog los yog enzymes nyob rau hauv lub gel, uas tso cai rau peb los txiav txim seb cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic polymorphism. Yuav ua li cas yog no txoj kev? Nws yog los ntawm nws ua rau lub zog ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob field, uas yog nyob rau ntawm qhov luaj li cas ntawm kev thauj mus los protein, nws configuration, thiab lub vas uas them nyiaj nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv seem ntawm lub gel. Ces, nyob ntawm seb qhov chaw nyob thiab tus xov tooj ntawm me ntsis hais tias nyob nqa txiav txim qhia kom paub substance. Yuav kom ntsuam xyuas lub protein polymorphism nyob rau hauv ib tug pej xeem, nws yog tsim nyog los xyuas txog 20 los yog ntau tshaj loci. Tom qab ntawd, ib tug zauv qauv no yog txiav txim los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm alleles, thiab tus piv ntawm homo- thiab heterozygotes. Raws li kev tshawb fawb, ib co noob tej zaum yuav monomorphic, thiab lwm tus neeg - tsis tshua muaj neeg polymorphous.

hom polymorphism

Lub tswvyim ntawm polymorphism yog tsis tshua muaj sab, nws muaj xws li txoj thiab kuas version. Nws nyob rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov xim noob thiab tej yam ntuj tso xaiv, uas txo nws hwj siab rau cov pejxeem. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yuav ua tau ib lub noob thiab ib tug chromosome.

Noob thiab chromosomal polymorphism

Noob polymorphism yog nyob rau hauv lub cev alleles ntawm ntau tshaj ib prime piv txwv ntawm no yuav ua tau cov ntshav. Chromosomal nruab nrab yog cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub chromosomes uas tshwm sim vim aberrations. Nyob rau hauv lub heterochromatin cheeb tsam muaj cov sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm pathology uas ua rau yus muaj kev cuam tshuam los yog kev puas tsuaj ntawm tej change yog nruab nrab.

txoj kev hloov polymorphism

Transition polymorphism tshwm sim thaum ib tug neeg nyob yog ib tug hloov allele, uas ib zaug yog li ib txwm, lwm uas muab nws cov wearer ntau dua adaptability (kuj hu ua ntau allelism). Thaum lub ntau yam yog hais ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov feem pua ntawm genotypes, nws tshwm sim vim evolution, thiab nws muaj zog yog nqa tawm. Cov tshwm sim ntawm industrial machinery yuav ua tau ib tug piv txwv zoo, uas tuab lub hloov polymorphism. Yuav ua li cas yog nws qhia tau hais tias ib tug yooj yim npauj npaim uas nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam tau hloov nws lub dawb tis rau tsaus ntuj nti. Qhov no tshwm sim pib kom raug cai nyob rau hauv ces, qhov twg ntau tshaj 80 hom ntawm butterflies peppered npauj ntawm daj ntseg qab zib xim ua tsaus ntuj nti, rau cov thawj lub sij hawm pom tom qab 1848 nyob rau hauv Manchester nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam. Twb tau nyob rau 1895, ntau tshaj 95% ntawm cov npaub tau nrhiav ib tug maub xim ntawm cov tis. Tej kev hloov yog hais txog qhov tseeb hais tias tsob ntoo yeej ua ntau pa taws thiab kaj npauj npaim ib qho yooj yim prey thiab blackbirds robin. Cov kev hloov tau coj qhov chaw nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm lub mutant alleles melanistic.

kuas polymorphism

Lub sij hawm "polymorphism kuas" characterizes hla kev hais txog zauv ua haujlwm ratios ntawm lub ntau yam ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug pej xeem ntawm genotypes uas yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm cov vaj tse. Qhov no txhais tau tias los ntawm ib tiam mus rau tus piv tshua ib yam tab sis tej zaum yuav txawv me ntsis nyob rau hauv ib muab tus nqi, uas yog qhov. Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau cov kev hloov, ib tug kuas polymorphism - yog dab tsi? Nws yog feem ntau ib tug zoo li qub evolutionary txheej txheem. I. I. Shmalgauzen nyob rau hauv 1940 tau muab nws lub npe ntawm equilibrium heteromorphism.

QAUV kuas polymorphism

Ib tug piv txwv zoo ntawm kuas polymorphism tej zaum yuav muaj cov ob tug kuj nyob rau hauv ntau niam tsiaj. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lawv muaj ib tug sib npaug xim zoo. Qhov ratio ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv ib zaug xwb pejxeem yeej ib txwm sib npaug zos. Yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug pej xeem ntawm polygamy xim piv ntawm ob kuj tej zaum yuav zoo, nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tib pw ua niam txiv muaj peev xwm ua tau yog tag pov tseg los yog tshem tawm los ntawm lub tu tub tu kiv rau ib tug ntau dua twg qhov opposite pw.

Lwm cov piv txwv yuav cov ntshav pab pawg ntawm cov AB0 system. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub zaus ntawm qhov sib txawv genotypes nyob rau hauv txawv coob tej zaum yuav sib txawv, tab sis nyob rau ib par nrog uas los ntawm tiam mus rau tiam, nws tsis hloov lub taub hau. Cias muab, tsis muaj genotype twb tsis muaj xim kom zoo dua li lwm yam. Raws li statistics, cov txiv neej uas muaj ib tug thawj pab pawg neeg ntawm cov ntshav muaj ib tug ntau dua lub neej expectancy tshaj tus so ntawm lub zog txiv neej pw nrog lwm cov ntshav pab pawg. Nyob rau ib tug par nrog no, txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm peptic rwj kab mob 12 duodenal rwj nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm thawj pab pawg neeg saum toj no, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm yuav perforated, thiab nws yuav tsum yog ib tug ua kom muaj kev ploj kev tuag nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug lig pab.

kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic equilibrium

Qhov no embrittlement tej zaum yuav ua txhaum nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm hloov mus sawv nthawv, yog li lawv yuav tsum mus rau ib tug ib feem thiab nyob rau hauv txhua tiam. Kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias polymorphisms ntawm noob ntawm lub hemostatic system, seev suab uas muab rau to taub lub evolutionary txheej txheem txhawb rau cov kev hloov no los yog, conversely, tiv thaiv tseem ceeb heev. Yog hais tias peb ua raws li cov chav kawm ntawm lub mutant txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ib tug muab pejxeem, nws yog tseem tau mus txiav txim rau nws muaj nuj nqis rau adaptation. Nws yuav ua tau sib npaug zos rau ib tug, yog hais tias ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv kev xaiv yog tsis cais, thiab cov obstacles rau nws kis muaj.

Feem ntau cov neeg mob qhia hais tias tus nqi ntawm tsawg tshaj li ib lub noob, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm lub mutants rau cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nws los mus rau 0. Change ntawm no zoo ploj rau ib sab nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tej yam ntuj tso xaiv, tab sis qhov no tsis cais tus ua kev hloov ntawm lub tib lub noob uas compensates rau cov tshem tawm ntawm uas yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev xaiv. Ces tus equilibrium yog mus txog, lub mutated noob yuav tshwm sim, los yog, conversely, kom ploj. Qhov no txoj kev ua sib npaug.

Ib qho piv txwv uas yuav kom meej meej tuab dab tsi tshwm sim, - sickle cell anemia. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub hom mutated noob nyob rau hauv lub homozygous lub xeev muaj txhawb rau ib tug tuag thaum ntxov ntawm tus kab mob. Heterozygous kab mob ciaj sia, tab sis lawv muaj ntau susceptible mus tus kab mob ntawm malaria. Balanced noob polymorphism sickle cell anemia yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kis ntawm cov teb chaws sov kab mob. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug neeg nyob ntawm homozygotes (cov neeg nrog zoo xws li cov noob) yog tshem tawm, nrog rau cov siv tau xaiv nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm cov heterozygotes (ntses nrog txawv noob). Vim rau cov kev xaiv ntawm dab tsi tshwm sim los ntawm cov muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub noob pas dej ua ke ntawm cov pejxeem yuav muaj nyob rau hauv txhua txhua tiam ntawm genotypes, uas muab ib tug zoo dua adaptability ntawm tus kab mob mus rau lub vaj tse tej yam kev mob. Nrog rau lub xub ntiag ntawm sickle-cell anemia noob nyob rau hauv tib neeg coob, muaj lwm hom ntawm cov noob characterizing ib polymorphism. Yuav ua li cas muab? Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no yuav tsum yog tus phenomenon ntawm heterosis.

Heterozygous change thiab polymorphisms

Heterozygous polymorphism qhia tsis phenotypic hloov nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug recessive hloov, txawm yog hais tias lawv muaj teeb meem. Tab sis rau ib tug par nrog hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem rau theem uas tej zaum yuav ntau tshaj qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb change.

Sine Quà tsis ntawm lub evolutionary txheej txheem

Lub evolutionary txheej txheem yog tas mus li, thiab nws cov kev mob yuav tsum muaj lub polymorphism. Yuav ua li cas yog nws - qhia lub qhov adaptability ua coob mus rau lawv ib puag ncig. Hetero kab mob uas nyob rau hauv tib pab pawg tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv lub heterozygous lub xeev thiab dhau los ntawm tiam mus rau tiam rau ntau xyoo. Nyob rau ib tug par nrog lub phenotypic qhia ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm tsis yuav - nyob rau ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm cov loj heev cia ntawm caj variability.

fibrinogen noob

Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, tus neeg tshawb fawb kho fibrinogen noob polymorphism raws li ib tug ua ntej cov kev mob rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ischemic stroke. Tab sis, thaum lub caij mus rau lub fore ib qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas tshuaj ntsuam genetic thiab mas yuav kis tau yam tseem ceeb los pheev lawv cawv rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob. Qhov no zoo ntawm stroke muaj vim thrombosis ntawm cerebral cov hlab ntsha, thiab los ntawm kev kawm noob polymorphism ntawm fibrinogen, yuav to taub ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem rau hais tias mob yuav tiv thaiv tau. Nrog kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic variation thiab cov ntshav biochemical tsis tam sim no tsis zoo to taub los ntawm kws tshawb fawb. Ntxiv cov kev tshawb fawb yuav cuam tshuam hauv chav kawm ntawm tus kab mob no, hloov thaum kawg nws los yog tsuas yog mus ceeb toom rau nws nyob rau hauv ib tug thaum ntxov rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob.