Qhov kawg lub hlwb: qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi

Loj (kawg) lub paj hlwb nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm evolution nyob tom qab tshaj lwm cov tuam tsev. Nws loj thiab nyhav ho ntau tshaj lwm theem. Cov ntawv yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm rau nws cov yees duab. Cov tib neeg lub hlwb yog txuam nrog rau feem ntau complex ces kev txawj ntse thiab kev puas hlwb kev ua si. Lub cev muaj ib tug es txoj kev teeb tsa. Tom ntej no, xav txog lub qauv ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab nws kawg cov hom phiaj.

qauv

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qhov qhia department muaj xws li ob tug loj feem. forebrain hemisphere kev cob cog rua rau txhua lwm yam los ntawm cov corpus callosum. Ntawm cov feem kuj kuaj adhesions: koov, rear thiab pem hauv ntej. Xav cov qauv ntawm cov xaus-lub hlwb, koj yuav tsum xyuam xim rau cov kab noj hniav nyob rau hauv no department. Lawv tsim lub sab ventricles: sab laug thiab txoj cai. Txhua yam ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv cov coj ya. Ib tug ntawm cov ventricular phab ntsa tsim pob tshab muab faib.

feem

Hemisphere npog rau sab saum toj ua kiav txhab. Qhov no gray teeb meem txheej, uas yog tsim los ntawm neurons 50 hom. Nyob rau hauv lub kiav txhab txheej txheem dawb khoom. Nws muaj myelinated fibers. Feem ntau ntawm lawv txuas lub cortex nrog rau lwm cov hlwb chaw zov me nyuam thiab ceg. Nyob rau hauv lub dawb teeb meem muaj pawg ntawm grey - lub basal ganglia. Los ntawm hemispheres ntawm lub paj hlwb qia thiab cov thalamus increments. Yuav kom delimit feem ntawm lub thalamus intermediate txheej ntawm dawb teeb meem card hu ua nrog capsule. Hemispheric cais rau txhua lwm yam los ntawm longitudinal slits. Nyob rau hauv txhua ya muaj peb nto - lub sab, sab thiab nrub nrab - thiab raws li ntau npoo: sab nqaij daim tawv, occipital thiab frontal.

Tuav txoj cai nto caij

Nyob rau hauv txhua ya, qhov no yog ib feem ntawm lub paj hlwb yog muab faib ua feem ntawm sib sib zog nqus fissures thiab kis ntoo. Primary hais txog mus tas li tsim ntawm lub cev. Lawv tsim nyob rau hauv lub embryonic theem (tsib lub hlis). Qhov loj tshaj plaws muaj xws li longitudinal slots (qhia feem) thiab transverse (separates lub cerebellum los ntawm lub occipital lobe). Secondary thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog - tertiary kawm yog txiav txim los ntawm tus neeg feem ntawm lub nyem (nws yuav pom nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab). Cov tib neeg lub hlwb yog tsim, tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xeeb lub sij hawm. Piv txwv li, lub qhov thiab tertiary grooves yog tsim rau 7-8 xyoos tom qab yug tus me nyuam. Lub nyem, uas muaj qhov kawg qaum, qhov chaw ntawm lub ruaj khov lug thiab loj gyri feem ntau cov neeg zoo sib xws. Txhua ya yog cais los ntawm rau qhov chaw: lub limbic, insula, sab nqaij daim tawv, occipital, parietal thiab frontal.

sab nto

Telencephalon nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no muaj xws li rolandovu (central) furrow. Nrog nws muab faib cov parietal thiab frontal lobes. Tsis tas li ntawd tam sim no rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Sylvius (sab) furrow. Los ntawm nws parietal thiab frontal lobes yog cais los ntawm cov sab nqaij daim tawv. Raws li anteroinferior ciam teb occipital cheeb tsam ua hauj lwm pab ib tug xav txog tej yam kab. Nws extends ntawm lub qaum ntug ntawm lub parietal-occipital sulcus. Tus kab yog raws kev coj kom lub qis kawg ntawm tus hemisphere. Island (insula) them qhov chaw ntawm lub nqaij daim tawv, parietal thiab frontal cheeb tsam. Nws cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub sab zawj (ib lub qhov tob). Tom ntej no mus cov corpus callosum nyob rau nrub nrab sab ntawm lub limbic sib qhia yog nyob. Nws yog sib cais los ntawm lwm cov cheeb tsam los ntawm txoj siv tawv zawj.

Lub hlwb: Anatomy. frontal lobe

Nws muaj cov nram qab hais:

• Prednetsentralnaya furrow. Cov tib lub npe gyrus nyob nruab nrab ntawm nws thiab lub hauv paus ua si nraum zoov.
• Pem taub hau sulcus (sab sauv thiab sab). Tus thawj muab faib ua peb qhov chaw: hauv lub orbit (orbital), voos (voos) opercular (pokryshkovuyu). Nruab nrab ntawm lub grooves pw frontal gyrus: sab sauv, qis thiab theem nrab.
• Kab rov tav pem hauv ntej furrow thiab lub ascending ceg.
• Nrub nrab frontal gyrus. Nws yog sib cais los ntawm lub limbic cingulate sulcus.
• Zajlus cingulate.
• Lub orbital thiab olfactory sulcus. Lawv muaj nyob rau ntawm lub qis sab nyob rau hauv lub frontal lobe. Nyob rau hauv lub olfactory sulcus lus dag tib lub npe hais: lub teeb, daim duab peb sab thiab lub ib ntsuj av.
• Direct gyrus. Nws kis tau ntawm tus nrub nrab kawg ntawm lub hemisphere thiab cov olfactory sulcus.

Anterior horn ntawm lub sab ventricle sau raws nkaus Ii lub frontal lobe.

Paub tab cortical chaw

Xav zaum kawg lub hlwb thiab zog ntawm no lub cev, nws yog tsim nyog los piav ntau zog ntxiv rau cov kev ua ntawm lub tuam ntawm lub frontal lobe:

• Perednetsentralnaya gyrus. Ntawm no yog cortical nucleus ntawm lub cev muaj zog analyzer, los yog kinesthetic chaw. Nyob rau hauv no tsam nkag mus rau ib qhov nqi ntawm afferent fibers los ntawm cov thalamus. Lawv nqa proprioceptive ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov pob qij txha thiab cov nqaij. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, pib nqis ntawm cov leeg nrob qaum thiab lub pob tw. Lawv muab ib lub sij hawm kom to taub cov kev cai ntawm taw. Yog hais tias qhov kawg-lub hlwb yuav tsum puas nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, muaj los ib tug tuag tes tuag taw ntawm qhov opposite sab ntawm lub cev.
• Lub rear feem peb ntawm cov middle frontal gyrus nyob rau hauv. Ntawm no yog qhov chaw ntawm lub teeb (tsab ntawv) thiab associative cim cheeb tsam.
• Lub rear feem peb ntawm cov qis frontal gyrus. Qhov no cheeb tsam yog qhov chaw-Speech.
• Qhov nruab nrab thiab rau pem hauv ntej feem peb ntawm qhov nruab nrab, sab sauv thiab sab ib feem ntawm lub frontal gyrus. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no lies lub anterior cortical associative cheeb tsam. Nws yog txawv programming ntawm complex tus cwj pwm cov ntaub ntawv. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub nrub nrab frontal gyrus thiab cov frontal ncej txuam nrog cov kev cai ntawm emotiogenic chaw muaj nyob rau hauv lub limbic system. Qhov no cheeb tsam koom rau cov kev tswj ntawm lub psycho-lub siab lub ntsws tom qab.
• Anterior frontal gyrus nruab nrab. Muaj yog ib tug cheeb tsam ntawm chav kev sib hloov ntawm lub qhov muag thiab lub taub hau.

parietal lobe

Nws sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau nruab nrab cheeb tsam ntawm lub sab ventricle. Telencephalon nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no muaj xws li postcentral gyrus thiab furrow parietal lobule - sab saum toj thiab hauv qab. Qab lub parietal lobe kis precuneus. Tus qauv kuj muaj interparietal furrow. Nyob rau hauv qis cheeb tsam nyob gyrus - angular thiab supramarginal thiab paracentral feem slices.

Paub tab cortical chaw nyob rau hauv lub parietal lobe

Piav txog qhov kawg lub hlwb thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov qauv no yuav tsum muab sau ua ke rau chaw zov me nyuam xws li:

• Pem hauv ntej Projection zuag qhia tag nrho rhiab heev. Qhov no qhov chaw yog ib tug tawv nqaij analyzer thiab xa daim tawv postcentral gyrus.
• Projection lub cev Circuit Court seem. Nws sau raws nkaus Ii rau ntawm ntug ntawm lub intraparietal sulcus.
• Txuam department "stereognosis". Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm lub noob pob kws analyzer (daim tawv nqaij) paub txog tej yam khoom ntawm palpation. Qhov no qhov chaw sau raws nkaus Ii lub sab sauv ua kiav txhab ntawm lub parietal lobes.
• Txuam department "Prax." Qhov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Ntsuam xyuas cov ib txwm kas taw. Nws sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub Cortex supramarginal gyrus.
• Sib koom ua ke hais lus kho qhov muag sib cais nruab nrab yog cov tsiaj ntawv analyzer - qhov chaw ntawm tokens. Qhov no tsam sau raws nkaus Ii lub angular gyrus ntawm lub cortex.

Lub hlwb: Anatomy. sab nqaij daim tawv lobe

Nyob rau nws sab sab pw ob grooves: qis thiab Upper. Lawv, ua ke nrog lub sab txwv gyrus. Lub hauv qab nto nqaij daim tawv lobe meej ciam uas cais nws los ntawm qhov rov qab, yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub lingual gyrus yog occipitotemporal. Los ntawm saum toj no nws yog tsuas yog siv rau lub collateral sulcus limbic cheeb tsam, thiab sab - nqaij daim tawv occipital. Cov qhia tawm raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub sab kub ntawm lub sab ventricle.

Paub tab cortical chaw nyob rau hauv lub sab nqaij daim tawv lobe

• Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm sab sauv convolutions rau nws sab, yog sib cais cortical hnov analyzer. Lub rear feem peb ntawm cov gyrus muaj xws li hnov hais lus cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev raug mob nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm cov lus qhia tej lus no ntaus nqi raws li cov suab nrov.
• Cov qis thiab theem nrab cheeb tsam ntawm lub convolutions muaj cortical chaw ntawm lub vestibular analyzer. Yog hais tias muaj lawm qhov kawg muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub paj hlwb, poob lub peev xwm kom muaj nqi koj tshuav thaum sawv, los txo cov rhiab heev ntawm lub vestibular apparatus.

kob

Qhov no kev faib ua feem yog txwv nyob rau hauv lub sab thiab circumferential zawj. Tej zaum nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no ntawm lub hlwb muaj nuj nqi muaj qhia nyob rau hauv lub tsom xam ntawm gustatory thiab olfactory ncus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm qhov teeb meem yog yuav muaj xws li hnov hais lus xaav thiab somatosensory cov lus.

limbic qhia

Qhov no cheeb tsam yog nyob rau hauv lub nrub nrab nto ntawm lub cerebral hemispheres. Nws comprises siv, parahippocampal thiab dentate gyrus, lub Isthmus. Raws li ib feem ntawm cov kev qhia tawm ciam teb rau lwm pab sulcus ntawm lub corpus callosum. Nws, sinking, tsiv mus rau hauv lub so ntawm lub hippocampus. Nyob rau hauv no groove, nyob rau hauv lem, nyob rau hauv nizhnerogovoy kab noj hniav ntawm cov sab ventricle yog gyrus. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub caij so nyob rau hauv lub corpus callosum lus dag lwm ciam. Qhov no kab - siv zawj - separates lub cingulate gyrus, cais lub parietal thiab frontal lobes ntawm lub limbic. Nrog Isthmus cingulate nkag parahippocampal. Cov yav tas xaus nrog ib tug sib ntsib.

department hom phiaj

Parahippocampal thiab cingulate txog ncaj qha mus rau lub limbic system. lub hlwb muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog hais txog cov kev tswj ntawm txoj psycho-lub siab lub ntsws, tus cwj pwm thiab autonomic cov lus teb rau stimuli ntawm qhov chaw. Parahippocampal cheeb tsam thiab nuv xws li cortical cheeb tsam ntawm lub olfactory thiab gustatory analyzer. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub hippocampus yog txuam nrog rau cov muaj peev xwm mus kawm tau, nws txiav txim seb tus mechanisms ntawm ntev-lub sij hawm thiab luv luv-term nco.

occipital cheeb tsam

Nyob rau nws sab sab dag transverse furrow. Lub nrub nrab ib feem ntawm lub npoo muaj. Qab nws cov kev txwv calcarine, thiab nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej - lub parietal-occipital sulcus. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv nrub nrab ntawm faib lingual gyrus. Los ntawm saum toj no nws yog tsuas yog siv calcarine, thiab hauv qab no - collateral sulcus. Occipital lobe sau raws nkaus Ii lub posterior horn ntawm lub sab ventricle.

Departments occipital cheeb tsam

Nyob rau hauv no tsam, cais chaw zov me nyuam xws li:

• Visual projection. Qhov no ya nyob rau hauv lub cortex, uas txwv calcarine furrow.
• Sib koom ua ke qhov muag. Qhov chaw yog nyob rau hauv lub dorsal feem ntawm lub cortex.

dawb teeb meem

Nws yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov heev heev fibers. Lawv muab faib ua peb pawg:

• Projection. Pawg no yog sawv cev los ntawm bundles ntawm efferent thiab afferent fibers. Los ntawm lawv muaj yog ib qhov txuas ntawm lub projection chaw zov me nyuam thiab basal kav thiab tus txha caj nuclei.
• Sib koom ua ke. Cov fibers muab ib tug compound ntawm cortical chaw nyob rau hauv ib zaug xwb hemisphere. Lawv muab faib ua luv luv thiab ntev.
• Commissural. Cov ntsiab khi cortical tsam opposite hemispheres. Commissural formations yog: corpus callosum, anterior commissure thiab posterior commissure thiab lub tsev ceev nyiaj.

kiav txhab

Nws lub ntsiab yog ib feem muaj lub neocortex. Qhov no "tshiab tawv", uas yog lub feem ntau filogeneticheki lig hlwb tsim. Neocortex yuav siv sij hawm txog 95,9% ntawm qhov chaw. Cov seem ntawm lub paj hlwb zoo nkaus li raws li:

• Laus tawv - arhiokorteksa. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub sab nqaij daim tawv lobe hu ua Amon horn, los yog lub hippocampus.
• Ancient ua kiav txhab - paleocortex. Qhov no tsim occupies qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub frontal lobe nyob ze ntawm lub olfactory noob.
• Mezokorteksa. Qhov no yog ib tug me me rau thaj tsam uas nyob ib sab paleocortex.

Laus thiab ancient ua kiav txhab nyob rau hauv lub vertebrates tshwm sim ua ntej tshaj lwm tus. Cov formations no kuj txheej thaum ub nrog cov qauv.