Qhov twg puas tau tus Maya: Secrets ntawm txawm ploj ntais civilizations. Keeb kwm kev ua ub no thiab ntawm lub ancient cov neeg ntawm Mesoamerica

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Mayan civilization yog tag nrho ntawm mysteries. Ib tug ntawm lawv - yog vim li cas rau lub cia li disappearance ntawm no ancient cov neeg, tau mus txog ib tug kuj ceeb tias theem siab ntawm kev loj hlob.

Keeb kwm thiab vaj tse cheeb tsam

Maya yog ib tug ntawm cov Mesoamerican civilizations pib los mam nyob ib ncig ntawm 2000 BC. e. Nws twb tsim nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Mexican lub xeev ntawm Tabasco thiab Yucatan, Guatemala thiab lub teb chaws Belize, Honduras thiab El Salvador. Lub teb rau peb nyob cov ancient pab pawg neeg, muab faib mus rau hauv peb lub climatic aav: arid thiab mob rocky roob cheeb tsam, teb chaws sov hav zoov thiab cov cheeb tsam nrog cov nplua nuj fauna.

Hais txog lub keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li hais txog qhov uas ploj lawm Maya, muaj ntau ntau theories. Muaj yog ib tug kev tshawb xav hais tias lawv tuaj los ntawm Asia, thiab txawm lub zoo heev assumption tias cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub inhabitants ntawm lub mythical Atlantis. Lwm lub hom phiaj hais tias lawv tuaj los ntawm Palexatais teb chaws. Cov pov thawj coj los ntawm lub fact tias muaj ntau yam ntawm lub ntsiab Mayan kev ntseeg zoo ib yam li Christian (lub tswv yim ntawm cov caij tus Mexiyas los, tus ntoo khaub lig cim). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov architecture ntawm cov neeg no yog heev npaum li ib tug Iyiv, thiab qhov no qhia hais tias nws yog sov ua licas kev cob cog rua nrog ancient Egypt.

Mayans: lub keeb kwm ntawm ib tug zoo kawg civilization

Soj ntsuam ntawm muaj hmoo - muaj ntau heev heev qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas koj yuav ua tau ib daim duab ntawm lub neej ntawm no ancient cov neeg. Nws cov keeb kwm yog muab faib ua ob peb loj sij hawm.

Nyob rau hauv lub pre-classical era ntawm cov neeg Qhab Mayan me me pab pawg neeg, ua khoom noj khoom haus los ntawm kev yos hav zoov thiab sib sau ua ke. Hais txog 1000 BC. e. muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov me me kev koom ntawm cov tswv teb. El Mirador - ib tug ntawm cov thawj lub zos ntawm cov Maya, tam sim no lub npe hu rau nws lossis loj pyramidal complex nyob rau hauv 72 meters qhov siab. Nws yog cov coob metropolis ntawm lub pre-classic lub sij hawm.

Tom ntej no era (400 BC -.... 250 AD) yog yus muaj los ntawm loj cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub Khab. Muaj yog ib tug loj hlob sai ntawm lub zos, tsa monumental architectural ceg.

250-600 xyoo. n. e. - lub sij hawm ntawm lub classical era ntawm kev vam meej ntawm lub ancient cov neeg ntawm Mesoamerica. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, peb tsim sib tw nrog txhua lwm lub zos-xeev. Lawv architecture twb hais lush architectural lug. Feem ntau cov tsev txheej txheem nyob ib ncig ntawm ib lub central square thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog qhov ncauj qhov ntswg ntawm gods thiab mythological nuj nqis carved nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb. Keeb kwm Mayan hais tias feature yog lub xub ntiag ntawm settlements nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub zos ntawm cov pyramids mus txog 15 meters.

By kawg ntawm lub classical lub sij hawm ntawm Guatemala tus pej xeem ntawm qis tau mus txog ib qho impressive tooj ntawm tshaj 3 million tus neeg.

Lig Classic lub sij hawm - lub heyday ntawm lub kab lis kev cai ntawm lub ancient cov neeg ntawm Mesoamerica. Ces muaj tau nrhiav tau ib tug zoo lub nroog - Uxmal, Chichen Itza thiab Coba. Cov pejxeem ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv yog 10 mus rau 25 txhiab tus neeg. Mayan keeb kwm yuav tsis tsis surprise - lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv medieval Europe tsis muaj xws li loj settlements.

Kev ua si nawv thiab Mayan crafts

Main txoj hauj lwm Khab tau teb (luaj-thiab-hlawv thiab dej), beekeeping thiab khoom siv tes ua. Zus maize (ntsiab qoob loo), taum, txiv lws suav, taub, ntau hom kua txob, haus luam yeeb, paj rwb, qab zib qos yaj ywm thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm seasonings. Tseem ceeb qoob loo yog cocoa.

Koom nyob rau hauv lub cultivation ntawm tus txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab Maya. Tam sim no nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los qhia rau uas txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntoo twb kuaj. Neeg uas nyob tau siv los noj papaya, avocado, Ramon chikosapote, Nancy, Marañon.

Dua li ntawm qhov theem siab ntawm kev loj hlob, lub Maya yeej tsis nres menyuam thiab sib sau ua ke. Xibtes nplooj twb siv raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas rau ru tsev thiab vov tsev cov ntaub ntawv rau weaving baskets, sau cob tau siv raws li xyab, thiab ntawm Koros siav noj mov.

Yos hav zoov thiab nuv ntses, dhau lawm, yog nyob rau ntawm lub ntsiab kev ua ub no ntawm cov neeg Qhab.

Ntawm archaeological tshawb fawb nws yog tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Yucatan thiab Guatemala nyob koom craftsmen: gunsmiths, weavers, Jewelers, sculptors thiab architects.

architecture

Maya hu rau nws cov majestic vaj tse: pyramidal ceg thiab palaces ntawm lub rulers. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv tsim zoo nkauj sculptures thiab bas-reliefs, lub ntsiab motives uas twb anthropomorphic deity.

kev txi

Ntawm cov tseem muaj sia nyob tsev ntawm qhov tseem ceeb yog nyob los ntawm cov kev cai dab qhuas cov vaj tse. Qhov tseeb thiab lwm qhov chaw hais tias kev ntseeg occupies nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub Maya chaw nyob ntev. Lawv paub txog lawv bloodletting rituals thiab tib neeg sacrifices ntawm cov gods. Qhov tseem tsausmuag ntawm ceremonies yog tus faus ciaj sia ntawm tus neeg, raws li zoo li ripping lub plab mog thiab rub lub plawv tawm ntawm lub cev yog tseem muaj txoj sia nyob. Lawv txi tsis tau tsuas yog cov neeg raug kaw, tab sis lub tribesmen.

Tus paub tsis meej ntawm lub disappearance ntawm cov neeg

Cov nqe lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas nyob deb ploj mus Maya tseem txaus siab ntawm muaj ntau soj ntsuam ntawm. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub IX xyoo pua rau yav qab teb ib ncig ntawm lub Khab nyob pib npliag. Rau ib txhia yog vim li cas, cov neeg pib mus rau tawm hauv lub nroog. Tsis ntev, cov txheej txheem kis mus rau lub hauv paus Yucatan. Qhov twg puas tau tus Maya thiab yog vim li cas lawv tshuav lawv cov tsev? Lo lus nug no twb tsis muaj lo lus teb. Muaj hypotheses uas sim mus piav qhia txog lub cia li disappearance ntawm ib tug ntawm cov neeg Mesoamerica. Soj ntsuam hu rau nram qab no yog vim li cas: tus yeeb ncuab ntxeem tau, cov ntshav ntxeev siab, kev mob kev nkeeg thiab tej qeeg. Tej zaum Maya tsoo qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm xwm thiab cov txiv neej. Loj hlob sai pejxeem kiag depleted natural resources thiab pib muaj teeb meem loj nrog cov tsis muaj fertile av thiab cov dej haus.

Cov yav tas hypothesis txog cov poob ntawm Mayan civilization qhia hais tias qhov no yog vim tus loj heev drought, uas coj mus rau lub devastation ntawm lub zos.

Tsis yog tus twg ntawm cov theories tsis tau txais loj paub meej tias, thiab cov lus nug hais txog qhov uas cov poob Maya, tseem tseem qhib.

niaj hnub Maya

Ancient Mesoamerican neeg zoo tsis muaj ib txoj lw. Nws tseem nyob rau hauv nws cov xeeb ntxwv - niaj hnub Mayan. Lawv tseem nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm lawv nto moo pog koob yawg koob - nyob rau hauv Guatemala thiab Mexico, ceev cov lus, kev lis kev cai thiab txoj kev ntawm lub neej.