Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm ntawm Bulgakov: ib daim ntawv teev thiab luv txheej txheem cej luam

Mihail Afanasevich Bulgakov, uas nws zoo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv cov zajlus lub neej ntawm lub USSR nyob tug raug rho tawm hauj lwm. Hnov txais rau cov zajlus kev lig kev cai ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, nws yog Attendance alien thiab kev realism, thiab cog lub ideology ntawm communism nyob rau hauv lub 1930s, thiab tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub avant-garde kws, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub 1920 los. Kws ntawv sharply satirical, tsis tooj mus rau cov kev cai ntawm censorship, portrayed ib tug tsis zoo tus cwj pwm rau qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug tshiab lub neej thiab lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub USSR.

Nta tus sau Weltanschauung

Bulgakov tej hauj lwm reflected lub outlook ntawm intellectuals nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm dismantling ntawm lub totalitarian tsoom fwv tseem yuav ua mus rau lub txwm ncaj ncees thiab kev cai qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov no txoj hauj lwm yog ib tug nqi ntau rau tus sau, nws thawj tau tsis tau tso cai rau sau. Ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm lub cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm no txawj sau ntawv tuaj rau peb xwb los ntawm lub xyoo tom qab nws tuag.

Peb muab koj cov nram qab no daim ntawv teev cov feem ntau nto moo tej hauj lwm ntawm Bulgakov:

- lub novels "Tus Dawb khwb", "Master thiab Margarita", "Sau ntawv ntawm tus tuag;

- zaj dab neeg: "Diaboliad", "Lub tuag qe", "lub Plawv ib tug aub";

- cov kev ua si "Ivan Vasilievich".

Cov dab neeg "Lub Dawb khwb" (xyoo ntawm creation - 1922-1924)

Daim ntawv ntawm "qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm ntawm Bulgakov lub" qhib "Tus Dawb khwb". Nyob rau hauv nws thawj thawj tshiab Bulgakov qhia txog cov txheej xwm uas muaj feem rau qhov kawg ntawm 1918, piv txwv li lub sij hawm ntawm lub Civil War. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov khoom yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Kiev, precisely ntau, nyob rau hauv lub tsev, qhov chaw uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub txawj sau ntawv tsev neeg. Prototypes cov phooj ywg, cov txheeb ze thiab acquaintances yog Bulgakov yuav luag tag nrho cov cim. Tus thawj ntawm tej hauj lwm tsis tau dim, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm no, cov kiv cua ntawm lub tshiab, tom qab txoj hmoo ntawm lub heroes ntawm prototypes los ua pov thawj cov kev muaj tiag thiab lub tswv yim Mihailom Afanasevichem txheej xwm.

Thawj feem ntawm phau ntawv "Lub Dawb khwb" (Mikhail Bulgakov) twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1925 nyob rau hauv ib tug magazine hu ua "Lavxias teb sab". Nkaus ua hauj lwm twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv Fabkis ob xyoo tom qab. Tswvyim critics twb tsis unanimous - lub Soviet sab yuav tsis txais cov glorification ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv yeeb ncuab txawj sau ntawv thiab neeg txawv teb chaws - loyalty rau cov tub ceev xwm.

Nyob rau hauv 1923 Bulgakov sau tias tsim xws li ib tug cov khoom uas lub "ntuj yuav kub ...". "Tus Dawb khwb" (Mikhail Bulgakov) tom qab tau txais kev pab raws li ib qhov chaw rau tus naas ej ua si "Hnub ntawm turbines." Muaj kuj yog ib tug xov tooj ntawm txhia.

Tale "Diaboliad" (1923)

Ntxiv rau piav qhia txog lub npe nrov tshaj tej hauj lwm Bulgakov. Cov no muaj xws tus tshiab "Diaboliad". Cov zaj dab neeg txog yuav ua li cas tus menyuam ntxaib puas ntawv, txawj sau ntawv qhia nyob mus ib txhis ntsiab ntawm lub "me txiv neej", uas yog ib tug tsim txom los ntawm cov bureaucratic tshuab ntawm lub Soviet lub hwj chim, nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm Korotkov, Clerk, txuam nrog dab ntxwg nyoog, puas quab yuam. Lawb tawm mus los ntawm chaw ua hauj lwm, tsis tau tiv nrog lub bureaucratic dab neeg ua hauj lwm nws thiaj li mus chim. Ib tug ua hauj lwm twb xub luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1924 nyob rau hauv lub anthology "Nadra".

Cov zaj dab neeg "Lub tuag qe" (xyoo ntawm lub tsev lag luam - 1924)

Bulgakov tej hauj lwm xws li tus tshiab thiab "Kev tuag qe". Txheej xwm noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nws nyob rau hauv 1928. Vladimir Ipatievich duaj, ib tug ci ntsa iab zoologist tim khawv ib tug tshwj xeeb tshwm sim: lub liab ib feem ntawm lub teeb spectrum muaj ib tug stimulating nyhuv on lub embryos - lawv pib loj hlob sai thiab mus txog tus loj, loj npaum li cas tshaj lawv "cov tseem." Nws muaj tsuas yog ib tug drawback - cov ntaub ntawv yog tshwj xeeb yog yus muaj los ntawm nce Aggressiveness thiab muaj peev xwm mus proliferate.

Ib tug ua liaj ua teb, mus los ntawm ib tug txiv neej nrog rau lub xeem lub npe pob zeb, txiav txim siab siv cov invention Persikov los rau tus xov tooj ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg qaib tom qab Russia kis rau nqaij qaib plague. Nws yuav siv sij hawm lub koob yees duab-txau ib tug xib fwb, tab sis los ntawm yuam kev es tsis txhob ntawm nqaij qaib kom tau nws khej, nab thiab qaib ntxhw qe. Cov tsiaj reptiles daug lawm los ntawm lawv, lossi cov me nyuam - lawv yuav mus rau Moscow, Cheb deb txhua yam nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev.

Lub cuab ntxhiab ntawm no ua hauj lwm echoes lub "zaub mov ntawm lub tswv ntuj" - ib tug tshiab los ntawm HG Wells, sau los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv 1904. Nyob rau hauv nws, zaum yees ua ib lub hmoov uas ua rau cov teeb meem loj txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm thwmsim nyob rau hauv ces muaj giant nkawj thiab nas, thiab tom qab ntawd rau cov qaib, ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov nroj tsuag, raws li zoo raws li ib haiv neeg ntawm giants.

Prototypes thiab adaptation ntawm cov dab neeg "Lub tuag qe"

Raws li cov eminent philologist B. Sokolova, prototypes Persikov yuav hu ua Aleksandra Gurvicha, tus naas ej biologist, thiab Vladimir Lenin.

Sergey Lomkin muab tshem tawm raws li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1995 zaj duab xis ntawm lub tib lub npe tej hauj lwm, xws li xws heroes muaj thiab tej hauj lwm ntawm "Tus tswv thiab Margarita" raws li Voland (Mikhail Kozakov) thiab miv behemoth (Roman Madyanov). Oleg Yankovsky brilliantly ua si lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov xibfwb Persikov.

Tshiab "lub Plawv ib tug aub" (1925)

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm cov dab neeg no tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv London thiab Frankfurt nyob rau hauv 1968. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR nws yog faib nyob rau hauv samizdat, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1987, cov nom cov ntawv qhia.

Lub chaw ua hauj lwm, uas yog sau ntawv mus rau Bulgakov Mihail ( "lub Plawv ib tug aub"), muaj cov nram qab zajlus. Txheej xwm noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv xyoo 1924. Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky, ib tug eminent kws phais neeg achieves zoo kawg tau nyob rau hauv rejuvenation thiab xeeb tub ib tug tshwj xeeb xyaum ua tej yam - ua kom ib lub lag luam rau hloov ib tug tib neeg dog pituitary. Bezdomny aub noob yog siv raws li ib txoj kev kuaj tsiaj, thiab Clim Chugunkin tub sab uas tuag nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib ntaus, nws yog ib qho hloov khoom nruab nrog pub.

Thaum Pob maj pib poob wool, ncav us txog nqua, muaj yog ib tug tib neeg lub ntsej muag thiab lub suab. Xib fwb ntawm lub cev Hloov Hlo yuav sai sai no muaj, li cas los xij, kawg khuv xim txog zoo meej.

Thaum peb qhia ib tug nrhiav nyob rau hauv lub chav tsev ntawm Mikhail Bulgakov nyob rau hauv 1926 nws twb seized tus ntawv sau "lub Plawv ib tug aub" thiab xa rov qab nws tsuas yog tom qab ib qho kev thov rau nws Gorky.

Prototypes thiab ib tug adaptation ntawm "lub Plawv ib tug aub"

Muaj ntau soj ntsuam ntawm creativity Bulgakov coj tus saib hais tias tus kws portrayed nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no ntawm Lenin (Hloov Hlo), Stalin (npas), Zinoviev (pab Zina) thiab Trotsky (Bormental). Nws yog ntseeg hais, tshaj tej ntawm, uas Bulgakov kwv yees loj tsuj uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub 1930s.

Alberto Lattuada, Italian zaj duab xis director, nyob rau hauv 1976, coj cov phau ntawv ntawm lub tib lub npe cov zaj duab xis, nyob rau hauv uas lub cev hloov hlo xibfwb Max von Sydow plays. Tshwj xeeb chaw, li cas los xij, no zaj duab xis adaptation ho tsis muaj, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub iconic duab ntawm tus thawj coj Vladimir Bortko, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1988.

Cov dab neeg "Lub Master thiab Margarita" (1929-1940 xyoo)

Farce, satire, paub tsis meej, fantasy, zaj lus piv txwv, romance, tswvyim hais ua dabneeg ... Tej zaum nws nkawd hais tias cov khoom, uas tsim Mikhail Bulgakov lub "Master thiab Margarita", combines tag nrho cov lwm yam.

Dab Ntxwg Nyoog nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm Woland reigns nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb uas tsuas muaj ib lub npe hu rau nws cov hom phiaj, siv ceev xwmphem los ntawm lub sij hawm rau lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ntau yam tej zej zos. Muaj ib zaug, thaum lub sij hawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav tag nrho lub hli, nws pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv Moscow ntawm lub xyoo 1930 - ib lub sij hawm thiab qhov chaw uas tsis muaj ib tug ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv tsis Vajtswv tsis Xatas, tsis kam muab lub hav zoov ntawm Yexus Khetos.

Tag nrho cov neeg uas tuaj mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog Woland, nrhiav zoo-deserved txim rau peculiar rau txhua yam ntawm tej kev txhaum no: quav dej quav cawv, kev xiab nyiaj, kev ntshaw, qia, lies, indifference, ua lwj ua liam, thiab lwm yam

Tsim ib tug tshiab txog Pontius Pilate, tus Xib Hwb yog nyob rau hauv ib tug insane nyob nraim yeej ncuab, qhov uas nws tsav tsheb mus rau hauv lub hnyav thuam los ntawm cov khub sau ntawv. Margaret, nws cov hluas nkauj, tsuas yog dreaming txog yuav ua li cas nrhiav tau cov Xib Hwb thiab xa rov qab mus rau nws. Azazello muab nws cia siab hais tias qhov npau suav no yuav tuaj tiag, tab sis tus ntxhais no muaj muaj ib tug kev pab rau Woland.

Keeb kwm ua hauj lwm

Tus thawj version ntawm tus tshiab muaj ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws cev piav qhia ntawm Woland, yog muab tso rau lub kaum tsib handwritten nplooj ntawv uas yog tsim Mikhail Bulgakov. "Xib Hwb thiab Margarita", yog li nws muaj nws tus kheej yav dhau los. Ua ntej, tus Xib Hwb hu ua Astaroth. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1930 nyob rau hauv lub Soviet ntawv xov xwm thiab xov xwm tom qab Maxim Gorky twb tsau lub npe ntawm cov "Master".

Raws li Elena Sergeevna, tus poj ntsuam hauv lub txawj sau ntawv, Bulgakov ua ntej nws tuag hais tias cov lus no hais txog nws tshiab "Tus Xib Hwb thiab Margarita": "Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav paub ... paub."

Cov ua hauj lwm twb tsis luam tawm kom txog thaum tom qab nws tuag. Nws xub tuaj mus rau lub teeb xwb nyob rau hauv 1966, piv txwv li 26 xyoo tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws cov creator, nyob rau hauv ib tug shortened version, nrog rau nqi. Cov dab neeg tam sim ntawd tau koob meej ntawm lub Soviet intelligentsia, rau cov neeg uas lub official ntawv nyob rau hauv 1973. Luam reprinted tej hauj lwm manually, thiab yog li faib. Elena tswj kom tus ntawv sau rau tag nrho cov xyoo.

Great chaw enjoyed heev heev ua yeeb yam raws li nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm tauj Valeriem Belyakovichem thiab Yuri Lyubimov, nws twb tseem cia los ntawm Alexander Petrovic thiab Andzheya Vaydy thiab TV series Vladimir Bortko thiab Yuriya Kary.

"Theatrical Tshiab" los yog "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug txiv neej tuag lawm" (1936-1937 xyoo)

Bulgakov Mihail Afanasevich sau tej hauj lwm ua ntej nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1940. Cov phau ntawv "Theatrical Tshiab" tseem tsis tiav. Nws sawv cev ntawm Sergei Leontyevich Maksudova, ib tug tej yam txawj sau ntawv, qhia zaj dab neeg ntawm tus kws lub ntiaj teb no thiab cov ua yeeb yam backstage.

Kaum ib hlis 26, 1936 tau pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv. Bulgakov rau ntawm thawj nplooj ntawm nws sau muaj ob lub npe: "Theatrical Tshiab" thiab "Sau ntawv ntawm tus tuag." Cov yav tas yog ob zaug underlined lawv.

Raws li feem ntau soj ntsuam ntawm, tus tshiab - tus feem ntau tsis txaus ntseeg zeej Bulgakov. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv tib lub ua tsis taus pa, tsis muaj sketches, drafts thiab corrections. cov kws ntawv tus poj niam recalled hais tias, thaum nws ua hauj lwm pab noj hmo, tos rau nws tus txiv lub rov qab los ntawm lub hmo ntuj ntawm lub Bolshoi Theatre, nws zaum ntawm nws qhov rooj thiab sau tau ib ob peb nplooj ntawv ntawm no ua hauj lwm, thiab ces, txaus siab, muab tshuaj ntxuav nws ob txhais tes rau nws.

Cov kev ua si "Ivan" (1936)

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws tsim yaam tshab tsis yog novels thiab dab neeg, tab sis kuj plays Bulgakov. Ib tug ntawm lawv, "Ivan", muaj rau koj. Lub ntsiab lus nws tom ntej no. Nikolay Timofeev, ib tug engineer ua nyob rau hauv Moscow, nyob rau hauv nws chav tsev ib lub sij hawm tshuab. Thaum saib xyuas lub tsev Bunsha los rau nws, nws puv lub qhov tseem ceeb, thiab cov phab ntsa disappears ntawm qhov. Nrhiav taum ib tug tub sab George Miloslavsky, zaum nyob rau hauv Shpak chav tsev ntawm nws lub zej zog. Ib tug engineer qhib ib portal rau Moscow nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Ivan Grozny, alarmed, rushes mus rau hauv lub tam sim no, thiab Miloslavsky Bunsha thiab tau rov qab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm.

Zaj dab neeg no pib nyob rau hauv 1933 thaum Mr Mikhail pom zoo sau "kev lom zem ua si" nrog suab paj nruag nrog. Chiv, cov ntawv nyeem hu ua txawv, "Bliss", nws mus nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej nplog liab lub sij hawm tshuab, thiab Ivan Grozny nyob rau hauv tsuas yog ib qho rov.

Qhov no creation, raws li zoo li lwm yam daim Bulgakov (hauv daim ntawv yuav tsum txuas ntxiv), thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej twb tsis luam tawm thiab twb tsis muab tso rau li kom txog thaum xyoo 1965. Leonid Gaidai nyob rau hauv 1973 raws li nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ua nws nto moo movie hu ua "Ivan Vasilyevich hloov SUPERVISION".

Qhov no yog cia li yooj yim tsim yaam tshab uas ua Mikhail Bulgakov. Cov hauj lwm ntawm no txawj sau ntawv tsis yog tas rau cov saum toj no. Mus txoj kev tshawb no ntawm creativity Bulgakov yuav tsum enabled thiab lwm tus neeg.