Revival: Yuav ua li cas yog Renaissance, thiab dab tsi yog qhov yuav tshwm?

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov teb chaws Europe paub ob peb pivotal txheej xwm thiab phenomena, uas tag kev hloov hauv daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm nws cov inhabitants. Ib tug ntawm cov milestones yog tus Renaissance. Yuav ua li cas yog Renaissance (cov ntsiab lus uas sib npaug)?

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov Renaissance

Revival hu ua lub era uas hloov lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Los ntawm cov XIV xyoo pua nyob rau hauv ib co thaj tsam (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ltalis) tau ib cov kev cai kev loj hlob. Nws tig mus rau hauv ib tug neeg lub paj nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej keeb kwm thiab antiquity. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, coj mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse, qhov nthuav ntawm tib neeg thiab txaus siab rau tus tib neeg tus.

Ib tug yog vim li cas rau qhov pib ntawm cov dab yog lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Constantinople. Lub Byzantine Empire, uas twb muaj ib txhiab xyoo, poob nyob rau hauv cov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov Muslim Turks. Muaj ntau Greeks tsis xav ntxeev siab rau tus ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg thiab khiav mus Western teb chaws Europe. Zaum coj nrog lawv cov ancient cov phau ntawv, uas tau ntev txhais mus rau hauv Latin thiab lub teb chaws hom lus. Tag nrho cov no raug thawb lub Renaissance. Yuav ua li cas yog lub Renaissance nyob rau hauv ltalis? Nws tseem yog lub rov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshiab chav kawm ntawv, uas yog kev ywj siab ntawm cov laus feudal kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv lub monarchy.

Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm Italian republics muab sawv mus rau lub bankers, kws tshawb fawb thiab lwm cov neeg ntawm ib tug tshiab hom. Cov lawv tau yug los tib neeg - lub paj nyob rau hauv tib neeg qhov thiab cwm pwm. Thaum xub thawj nws yog ib tug me me lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophers.

Txawm li cas los, lawv ua tshiab chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kos duab. Nyob rau hauv ltalis, nws pib txoj kev loj hlob ntawm printing thiab tshiab kos duab cov ntaub ntawv. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim yog hais tias nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv pib muab nyiaj rau lub zos tycoons thiab influential tsev neeg uas muaj net muaj nqis.

Centers ntawm Renaissance Florence thiab Rome pib. Pope Julius II puas tau npaum li cas los xyuas kom meej tias cov "nyob mus ib txhis nroog" ua hauj lwm loj tshaj creators ntawm lub era. Yog tsis muaj nws enterprise yog ib qhov nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam lub Renaissance. Dab tsi yog meant nce xim ntawm lub Koom Txoos lub painters thiab sculptors? Qhov no pom tau tias lawv yuav ua, nrog rau cov kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm cov feem ntau influential neeg nyob rau hauv ltalis. Cov lawv twb xws masters li Michelangelo thiab Raphael. Renaissance painters tsim zoo paintings thiab frescoes ntawm biblical scenes. Lawv tej hauj lwm tam sim no ua rau luag qhuas ntau lub koom txoos thiab puas thoob plaws teb chaws Europe.

Leonardo da Vinci

Ntiaj teb Renaissance kab lis kev cai yuav tsum ua kom tiav tsis Leonardo da Vinci. Nws stunning kev paub qhia lo paintings kov yeej contemporaries thiab mus txuas ntxiv mus ua surprise neeg ntawm lub XXI caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog hu ua tus inventor. Nws lub tswv yim rau ntau xyoo ua ntej ntawm lub Renaissance. Yuav ua li cas yog tus txiv neej? Yuav ua li cas nws ua hauj lwm thiab qhov chaw uas nws qhov chaw? Tag nrho cov lus nug kom nug tus poj Italian.

Renaissance ntxias twb yeej tau tshaj nws "Mona Lisa." Qhov no daim duab kuj yog lub universal lub cim ntawm lub siab ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab perfectionism.

Revival nyob rau hauv lwm yam European lub teb chaws

Lig Renaissance historiography hu ua lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XVI caug xyoo. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, kos duab thiab kab lis kev cai tau tsiv mus rau ib tug tshiab theem, tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv ltalis, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ntau ntau lwm yam European lub teb chaws. Renaissance chaw zov me nyuam twb teb chaws Yelemees, cov Netherlands thiab hais.

Lub British yeej txaus siab ntawm lawv nto moo tshaj plaws countryman Renaissance - William Shakespeare. Yog tsis muaj nws, lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis tiav. Nws comedies thiab xwm txheej tau ua timeless classics ntawm lub ua yeeb yam.

reformation

Christian theologian Martin Luther yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yog lub Renaissance. Qhov no German yog tsis zoo siab nrog lub Koom Txoos Catholic. Nws lectures denouncing corrupt pov thawj thiab kev cai dab qhuas evils, sau txhiab tus neeg tuaj saib.

Luther tshwj xeeb fiercely criticized cov kev cai tshiab, raws li uas ntseeg yuav tau rau cov nyiaj indulgences (kev zam txim rau tej kev txhaum). Lub tswv yim ntawm tus naas ej qhia Vajtswv lus tau nyob rau hauv 95 theses. Lub kaum hli ntuj 31, 1517, Martin dai lawv nyob rau lub qhov rooj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub German nroog ntawm Wittenberg. Qhov no nto moo rov tom qab ua ib lub cim rau thaum pib ntawm lub Reformation.

Yog li ntawd hu ua txheej txheem ntawm reformatting lub Koom Txoos Catholic. German ntseeg pib thuam Rome rau nws inertia thiab conservatism. Qhov no coj mus rau heev heev kev cai dab qhuas tsis sib haum. Lub apotheosis ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm Catholics thiab Protestants yog tus Thirty Years 'War 1618-1648 gg.

Lub sib ntaus tawm tsam dependence rau lub tsev teev ntuj coj mus rau lub fact tias nyob sab Europe haiv neeg tau ua secular. Tej lub sij hawm Protestants twb nyob rau hauv ib tug heev yooj yim txoj hauj lwm. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVII mus rau North America, qhov twg lawv muaj kev tswj los mus tsim ib tug tiag tiag tshiab zej zog.