Secrets ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws: Yuav ua li cas yog tus raug technology ntawm papyrus?

Ancient cov ntaub ntawv uas raug technology uas tau ntau xyoo lub Egyptian cov pov thawj thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm daim ntawv, rau centuries tseem nyob rau hauv oblivion. Yog vim li cas rau cov uas tsis yog tsuas yog ib lub xeev monopoly rau zus tau tej cov Papyrus thiab zealous obereganie tricks ntawm cov lag luam tawm, tab sis kuj hloov kev nyab xeeb nyob rau hauv lub Nile Delta thiab tej teeb meem. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub xeem papyrus nyob rau hauv Egypt yog yuav luag tu noob. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th txhawb Hassan Ragab tau mus kawm lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab possibilities ntawm nws daim ntawv thov. Nws yog los ntawm nws researches niaj hnub tus txiv neej lub npe hu raug txheej txheem ntawm papyrus.

Tus nqi rau cov ancient Egyptians papyrus

Qav dej-hlub nroj, teej tug mus rau lub sedge thiab lwm yam Cyperus, ob peb txhiab xyoo dhau los tsim ib tug spectacular thicket ntawm lub marshy ntug dej ntawm lub Nile nyob rau hauv nws qis nce mus txog. Papyrus yog ib tug siab tus khiav, topped nrog "kaus" ntawm lub vos lanceolate nplooj. Inflorescence tsa ib tug kiv cua ntawm papyrus, muaj raws ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm spikelets. Voos papyrus soj caum nyuaj, saj zawg zog thiab check.

Nws siv raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas rau rooj tog, tej nkoj nquam, rafts. Ib tug sheath kev qhia hlua, pob tawb nkawm khau. Dried cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag siv tau raws li cov roj. Mos ib feem ntawm lub tua, uas yog nyob rau hauv cov dej, noj. Cov tib ib feem yog hom phiaj haum rau zus tau tej cov "ntawv".

Cov qib siv thiab ua cov papyrus: lub splitting, "los ua ke", kom qhuav nyob rau hauv siab, polishing, gluing

Lub sab ib feem ntawm cov kav los ntawm nws lub hnab lim tso ntom, fibrous thiab nplaum cev nqaij daim tawv. Nws cleaved rau hauv nyias wafers ntev ntawm 40-50 cm. Niaj hnub nimno technology yuav soaking ib daim hlab rau ob peb hnub.

Tiav lawm daim hlau (filyury) pw rau ib tug ca lapped nto, nteg los ntawm ib daim ntaub thiab daim tawv nqaij: Tus thawj txheej - thaum uas tig mus rau ntawm ntug ntawm lub rooj, ob - perpendicularly. Chiv lub dav ntawm lub tiav lawm daim ntawv tsis yog ntau tshaj li 15 cm, tiam sis Egyptians tom qab kawm ua haum dav web. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm stacking khoom wetted nrog dej los ntawm lub Nile.

Cov nplooj ntawv twb ces muab tso rau hauv xovxwm. Nws yog tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tias cov ib daim hlab yog glued ua ke, thiab papyrus los ua nyias thiab niaj hnub.

Nuances thiab me ntsis-paub tseeb

Yuav ua li cas papyrus raug technology, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los mus piav qhia. Tag nrho cov complexity yog nyob rau hauv cov lus. Yog li, ntev papyrus khaws cia nyob rau hauv siab los yog pre-soaked, li ntawd nws thiaj tsos tsaus tsawv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis txhob ncua lub txheej txheem: Egyptians xav lighter khoom. Lub nto daim ntawv kho nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb compound uas pub kis ntawm tus number case. Nws yog tsim los ntawm vinegar, hmoov thiab boiling dej. Tshem los xij los ntawm cov xovxwm, tus tswv repelled lawv nrog tshwj xeeb hammers thiab ironed polishing pob zeb, pieces ntawm ntoo los yog pob txha. Npaj papyrus qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hnub. Ces lawv daig ua ke, kom tau txais cov scroll. Egyptians them xim rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov fibers, li ntawd, mus nrhiav tau cov "koom" yog zoo tsis yooj yim sua. Lawv sau hais tias, feem ntau rau ntawm ib sab (uas cov neeg Loos tom qab hu ua recto). Qhuav papyrus nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt twb muab tso rau hauv kwj. Lawv muag nws rolls, "txiav tawm" thiab "nyob rau hnyav".

Papyrus nyob rau hauv antiquity

"Pa ib aa" los yog "cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus vaj" - qhov thiaj li hu ua lawv "daim ntawv" lub Egyptians lawv tus kheej. Lawv pib siv papyrus kom deb li deb rov qab raws li lub koob thib 3 xyoo txhiab BC. e. Greeks borrowed lub sij hawm ob peb hloov nws hais. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias tim lyiv teb chaws muab papyrus tag nrho ancient ntiaj teb no, thiab thiaj li nws txuas ntxiv kom txog thaum txog lub xyoo 800 BC. e. Nyob rau nws tau sau cov sib, artistic thiab kev cai dab qhuas ntawv, ua yeeb yuj illustrations. Nyob rau hauv lub 1 st century BC. e. historian Pliniy Starshy nyob rau hauv nws "Natural History" kov on qhov lo lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi lub cuab yeej ntawm ua papyrus. Txawm li cas los, cov lus qhia uas tau muab rau lawv yog heev meager los luam.

Raws li Strabo thiab Pliny, muaj ob peb ntau yam ntawm papyrus. Lub yim hli ntuj, livievy thiab hieratic raug xam tias yog thaum lub sij hawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Ntxiv raws li nyob rau hauv tiers (Alexandria) thiab saitsky teneotsky. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau tsim rau kev sau ntawv. Egyptians kuj hloov pauv "daim ntawv ua lag luam" - pheej yig "wrapper" papyrus.

Lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm khoom siv tes ua secrets

"Yuav ua li cas yog lub papyrus raug technology?" - lo lus nug no tau los ua ib tug worry Hassan Ragab, Iyiv Ambassador mus rau Tuam Tshoj, nyob qhov twg nws tau ntsib nrog ib tug Suav tsev neeg, koom nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov ntawv nyob rau hauv cov tsoos txoj kev. Uas yog nyob rau hauv 1956. Rov qab tsev, Ragab yuav lub teb chaws rau plantation, coj los ntawm Sudan zos papyrus thiab koom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb. Ragab thiab nws cov tub kawm muaj kev tswj los mus ua kom papyrus, tsis inferior nyob rau hauv zoo ancient kuaj. Nyob rau hauv yog feemxyuam Iyiv ntxias ua painting: cov ntawv luam nyob rau hauv cov tombs ntawm illustrations thiab thawj ua hauj lwm.

Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau hais seb tus niaj hnub Ragab Papyrus li check raws li lub ancient Iyiv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kev nyab xeeb kev hloov tau ua ntau noo thiab dej papyrus spoils. Nws tseem yog tsis paub hais tias yuav ua li cas yog muaj dua Ragab txheej txheem ntawm siv thiab ua cov papyrus. Tej zaum nws tau coj tuaj rau nws ib yam dab tsi ntawm nws tus kheej. Tab sis, ib txoj kev los sis lwm, niaj hnub phau thiab hniav panels ntse muag, thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog dab tsi lub papyrus raug technology siv tau rau txhua txhua yam ub yam no neeg mus ncig tebchaws.