Serological kev ntsuam xyuas: hom, siv

Kuaj mob ntawm zoo tag nrho kis kab mob yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub nrhiav kom tau ntawm cov ntshav nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob lub cev, uas yog ua los ntawm lub pathogen antigen, serological txoj kev. Lawv mus rau hauv kev kho mob xyaum nyob rau hauv lub lig thib kaum cuaj - thaum ntxov thib nees nkaum caug xyoo.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm science tau pab txhais tau lub antigenic qauv ntawm microbes thiab tshuaj qauv ntawm lawv co toxins. Nws yog tau los mus tsim tsis tau tsuas yog tshuaj, tab sis kuj diagnostic ntshiab. Lawv tau los ntawm txoj kev saib xyuas attenuated pathogens kuaj cov tsiaj. Tom qab ob peb hnub ntawm soaking ntshav luav los yog nas npaj cov khoom siv rau cov cim ntawm cov kab mob los yog lawv co toxins siv serological kev ntsuam xyuas.

Cov sab nraud manifestation ntawm no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm nws cov formulation thiab hauv lub xeev ntawm antigens nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob cov ntshav. Yog hais tias microbes yog insoluble hais, lawv txiav txim, lysed, immobilized los yog ua txhua yam nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab. Yog hais tias lub antigens yog soluble, nws zoo nkaus li lub phenomenon ntawm neutralization los yog los nag.

agglutination (PA)

Serological agglutination xeem yog ib co kev. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus ua thiab yog heev kom meej rau sai sai ntes tus xub ntiag ntawm antigens nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob cov ntshiab. Nws yog siv rau qhov chaw kawm Vidal cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (mob ntawm typhoid thiab paratyphoid) thiab Weigl (typhus).

Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib lub sis ntawm tib neeg lub cev (los yog agglutinins) thiab microbial hlwb (agglyutenogenami). Tom qab lawv sib tham yog tsim hais tias precipitate. Qhov no yog ib tug zoo kos npe rau. Rau qhov chaw kawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau siv ciaj sia los yog tuag microbial cov neeg ua hauj, fungi, protozoa, ntshav hlwb thiab Somatic hlwb.

Tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yuav muab faib mus rau hauv ob ua sawv:

1. Cov tshuaj compound (AT) nrog antigens (Ag).
2. Tsis-kev - lub deposition ntawm conglomerates AG-AT, piv txwv li cov tsim ntawm lub agglutinate.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv indirect agglutination (TPHA)

Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog rhiab tshaj yav dhau los yog ib tug. Nws yog siv rau cov mob ntawm cov kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob, intracellular parasites, protozoa. Nws yog li ntawd tej uas yuav ntes txawm heev uas tsis muaj ntau ntawm cov tshuaj.

Rau nws cov formulation siv lim yaj cov ntshav liab thiab cov ntshav liab ntawm tib neeg pretreated nrog tshuaj los yog antigens (nws yog nyob ntawm seb lab xav mus nrhiav). Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, tib neeg cov ntshav liab kho nrog immunoglobulins. Serologic teb ntawm erythrocytes yog suav tias yog siv tau yog tias nag lossis daus ntawd tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub raj. Qhov zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv peb yuav hais thaum lub hlwb cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv tus duab ntawm ib tus inverted lub kaus, occupying tag nrho hauv qab. Cov tsis zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tau qhab nia thaum cov ntshav liab khom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib kem los yog tej khawm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv qab.

nag lossis daus cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (RP)

Serological tshua ntawm no hom pab kom paub tias tsis tshua muaj neeg me me antigens. Qhov no tej zaum yuav, piv txwv li, cov nqaijrog (los yog feem thereof), sib txuas ntawm cov nqaijrog nrog lipids los yog carbohydrates, ib feem ntawm cov kab mob thiab lawv cov co toxins.

Sera rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tau los ntawm cov khoom cua kab ntawm cov tsiaj, feem ntau luav. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, koj yuav tau txais kiag li tej precipitating ntshiab. Staging serological nag lossis daus zoo xws li cov mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv agglutination. Cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntshiab khi rau antigens nyob rau hauv lub colloidal tshuaj mus rau daim ntawv loj loj protein molecules, uas yog tso rau hauv qab ntawm lub raj los yog nyob rau hauv lub substrate (gel). Qhov no yog xam tias yog mas meej thiab muaj peev xwm ntes txawm lw nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw.

Siv rau kev tshawb nrhiav kab mob plague, tularemia, anthrax, meningitis thiab lwm yam kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub forensic xeem.

Gel nag lossis daus xeem

Serological kev ntsuam xyuas muaj peev xwm yuav nqa tawm tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab lub kua, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub agarose gel. Qhov no yog hu ua diffuse nag lossis daus txoj kev. Nrog nws, kawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm complex antigenic mixtures. Qhov no yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub chemotaxis ntawm antigens rau cov tshuaj, thiab vice versa. Cov gel lawv tsiv mus nyob rau txhua lwm yam nyob rau txawv speeds thiab lub rooj sib tham mus rau daim ntawv los nag kab. Txhua kab - ib txheej ntawm K-AT.

Neutralization exotoxin antitoxin (RN)

Antitoxic ntshiab yuav neutralize exotoxin uas kab mob tsim. Raws li nyob rau hauv no cov ntaub ntawv thiab serological kev ntsuam xyuas. Microbiology siv cov qauv no rau lub titration ntawm sera, co toxins thiab toxoids, raws li zoo raws li lawv kho kev ua. Lub zog ntawm cov neutralization ntawm cov taug yog txiav txim los ntawm cov pa units - AE.

Ntxiv mus, vim rau qhov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav txiav txim seb lub hom los yog hom teej tug exotoxin. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov mob ntawm tetanus, diphtheria, botulism. Txoj kev tshawb no muaj peev xwm yuav nqa tawm "rau ntawm iav", thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug gel.

lysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (RL)

Lub cev ntshiab, uas nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg mob, muaj, sib nrug los ntawm nws cov ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm passive kev tiv thaiv, txawm thiab lytic zog. Nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm dissolving microbial cov neeg ua hauj, cellular thiab txawv teb chaws hais tus kab mob no yuav nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg mob. Nyob ntawm seb lub tseem ntawm lub tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntshiab cais bactericidin, cytolysins, spirohetoliziny, hemolysins thiab lwm yam.

Cov kev tshuaj no yog hu ua "complement". Nws yog pom nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov kua nruab nrog cev, nws muaj ib tug complex cov protein thiab yog heev nkag siab kub nce, shaken, acids thiab ncaj qha tshav ntuj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub qhuav lub xeev muaj peev xwm kom lawv cov lytic thaj chaw ntawm mus txog rau lub hlis.

Muaj ib co hom serological kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm no hom:

- bacteriolysis;

- hemolysis.

Bacteriolysis yog nqa tawm siv tus neeg mob cov ntshav ntshiab thiab tej kev tiv thaiv kab ntshiab nrog nyob kab mob. Yog hais tias, ces tus kws tshawb fawb pom lub lysis ntawm cov kab mob, thiab cov lus teb yuav muab suav hais tias raws li ib tug txaus tus naj npawb ntawm zoo complement yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntshav.

Qhov thib ob ntshav serological teb no yog hais tias qhov kev ncua ntawm erythrocytes kho neeg mob ntshiab uas muaj hemolysins, uas yog tshuab txais xwb nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug tseem qhuas kuv thiab. Yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug, ces lub lab cov menyuam cov xaus ntawm cov ntshav liab. Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog dav siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tshuaj los mus txiav txim lub titer ntawm complement (ie, nws nqi tsawg tshaj plaws provoking lysis ntawm cov ntshav liab) nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntshiab thiab rau zus tau tej cov complement losis tswvyim dabtsi tshuaj ntsuam. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no yav tas ua serological cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau syphilis - Wasserman.

complement fixation (RSK)

Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog siv los xyuas txog ntshiab tshuaj rau tus neeg mob ntawm ib qho kev kis tus neeg saib xyuas zoo li los txheeb xyuas cov originator ntawm nws antigenic qauv.

Li no taw tes peb tau piav ib tug yooj yim serological kev ntsuam xyuas. RAC xam tau tias yog tsis yooj yim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txij li thaum nws INTERACTIONS tsis yog ob tug, tab sis peb hais: ib tug antibody, ib tug antigen thiab Nkij los txuam rau. Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias sis lub antibody thiab antigen tshwm sim xwb nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov nqaijrog compliment uas yog adsorbed rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsim txoj K-AT.

Lawv tus kheej antigens tom qab tas li ntawd ntawm complement, kev kawm mus rau ntau yam pauv loj hloov, uas qhia qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov no tej zaum yuav lysis, hemolysis, immobilization, bactericidal los yog bacteriostatic nyhuv.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws tus kheej tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob theem:

1. Cov tsim ntawm antibody-antigen, uas yog tsis visually hnov neeg soj ntsuam.
2. Hloov cov antigen nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm complement. Qhov no theem feem ntau yuav twb tsis siv rau cov liab qab qhov muag. Yog hais tias lub nrig txog kev pom cov lus teb yog tsis pom, ces siv lub ntxiv qhia system uas tso cai rau mus ntes hloov.

qhia system

Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li nyob rau hauv lub thwj toob ntawm complement. Qhov kev kuaj ntawd hlab teev tom qab teev RSK ntxiv lim yaj erythrocytes thiab ntshiab hemolytic tsis muaj complement. Yog hais tias lub raj twb tshuav unbound complement, nws yuav tuaj koom nrog lub complex N-AT tsim ntawm cov yaj cov ntshav thiab hemolysin, thiab ua rau lawv nyias mus nyias. Qhov no yuav txhais hais tias tus DGC yog tsis zoo. Yog hais tias cov ntshav liab tseem lawm, ces, raws li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog zoo.

hemagglutination (RHA)

Muaj ob fundamentally sib txawv hemagglutination. Ib tug ntawm lawv - serological, nws yog siv rau kev txiav txim ntshav pab pawg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no erythrocytes nrog tshuaj.

Thiab lub thib ob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsis muaj feem rau serological, txij li thaum cov ntshav liab hnov mob nrog hemagglutinin ua los ntawm cov kab mob. Txij li thaum txhua exciter ua xwb nyob rau tej erythrocytes (nqaij qaib, yaj, liab), peb yuav xav tias qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv narrowly meej.

Clear los yog tsis zoo teb, nws yog ua tau rau qhov chaw ntawm cov ntshav hlwb nyob rau hauv lub hauv qab ntawm lub raj. Yog hais tias lawv xam tsa ib tug inverted lub kaus, ces tus yam kab mob no yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob cov ntshav. Thiab yog hais tias tag nrho cov ntshav liab tsim zoo li ib npib nyiaj txhua, muaj tsis muaj tsis paub hais tias pathogens.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hemagglutination inhibition (Hai)

Qhov no mas tej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas tso cai rau tsim kom muaj rau hauv daim ntawv, hom kab mob no los yog muaj cov kev tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub ntshiab ntawm tus neeg mob cov ntshav.

Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov tshuaj ntxiv mus rau lub raj uas muaj lub xeem cov ntaub ntawv uas, tiv thaiv deposition ntawm antigens rau erythrocytes, li no siv ceev xwmphem hemagglutination. Qhov no yog ib qhov zoo hais txog ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm kev antigens nyob rau hauv cov ntshav mus rau ib tug kev xav tus kab mob no.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv immunofluorescence (RIF)

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm los qhia ceg nrog saib-AH fluorescent microscopy tom qab kev kho mob flyuorohromnymi dyes. Qhov no txoj kev yog yooj yim siv, tsis tau kev rho tawm ntawm dawb huv kab lis kev cai thiab yuav siv sij hawm me ntsis lub sij hawm. Nws yog indispensable rau lub ceev ceev mob ntawm kis kab mob.

Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, cov serological kev ntsuam xyuas raug muab faib ua ob pawg: direct thiab indirect.

Direct RIF ua antigen uas yav tas los ua fluorescent ntshiab. Thiab Indirect yog tias cov tshuaj yog thawj kho nrog pa diagnosticum muaj tshuaj mus rau lub yam antigen thiab ces rov thov fluorescent whey, uas yog hais rau cov proteins ntawm lub complex K-AT, thiab microbial hlwb ua pom los ntawm microscopy.