Symmetry nyob rau hauv architecture

Yuav ua li cas koom siab ua ke Suav Pejthuam nrog lub Sydney Opera tsev? Houston Astrodome nrog loj heev Pantheon nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos? Greek Parthenon, lub Forbidden City nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, Angkor Wat nyob rau hauv Qhab Meem teb, temples thiab pyramids ntawm lub pre-Columbian civilizations? Tej zaum daim ntawv? Ib tug ntau yog cov lus teb - "symmetry". Txhua yam ntawm cov nram no piv txwv, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm lawv lub sij hawm thiab kev cai sib txawv, yog kev cob cog rua nrog nws.

Symmetry nyob rau hauv architecture yeej txhais tau tias "ib tug tib tswvyim."

Cov hom phiaj ntawm architecture.

Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej lub nrig txog kev pom cov nyhuv yog qho tseem ceeb heev, thiab nws yog tag nrho manifested nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm nws. Loj lug yeej ib txwm ua ib tug hneev taw, txawm muaj no nyiam raws li "hem" tus beholder. Symmetry nyob rau hauv architecture yog ib tug leej twg dim tau nam ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm tsis tau zoo cov hom phiaj.

Lub architecture yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kos duab vim hais tias ntawm nws cov spatial cim. Qhov tseeb lub hom phiaj ntawm lub vajtse xaus nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm qhov chaw, uas yuav muab lub yeeb yam ntawm kev ua hauj lwm.

Lub symmetry nyob rau hauv kos duab thiab hniav crafts prevails thoob plaws keeb kwm. Lub tswvyim ntawm teeb thov nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov khoom ntawm tag nrho cov nrhiav thiab ntau thiab tsawg. Tab sis nyob rau hauv painting (nyob rau hauv ob-seem pes tsawg leeg), nws yog tus yooj yim, cov cim ntawm hom ntawm symmetry nyob rau hauv lub peb-seem yog yam nyuab dua vim hais tias peb xaav ntawm ib tug kwv hloov thaum peb saib los ntawm ces kaum sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm architecture, tsis tsuas muaj peev xwm peb tau nyob ib ncig ntawm tus kwv los ntawm tag nrho cov sab, tab sis kuj yuav kis tau los ntawm nws. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov architecture muab ib lub cim tsis tau tsuas yog mus saib tau tus symmetry, tab sis "sim" nws, vim hais tias nws muaj ob qhov chaw: lub "emptiness" thiab "hardness".

Yeej ntawm architecture distinguished los ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Greek tuam tsev yog yooj yim qhia los ntawm cov portico thiab pediment. Lub Gothic lub tsev teev ntuj yog yus muaj los ntawm arches thiab buttresses. Cov ntsiab roos ib tug "nyuaj" daim tawv nqaij architecture. Tsis muaj dabtsis los yog architectural qhov chaw, peb xav tias, dhau los ntawm lub tsev.

symmetry hom

Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam architectural yeej, muaj ntau li ntau hom ntawm symmetry.

Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, lawv muab faib ua ob pawg: point pawg thiab qhov chaw pab pawg. Point pawg yog yus muaj los ntawm lawv cov ratio, tsawg kawg yog rau ib tug tseem ceeb landmark. Space pawg tsis muaj ib lub yeej.

Ob sab sib dho symmetry nyob rau hauv architecture, nyob deb ntawm cov feem ntau ntau daim ntawv, yog pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov haiv neeg thiab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov muaj hnub nyoog. Nws halves muaj pes tsawg leeg daim iav txhua lwm yam (piv txwv li - Pantheon facade nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos). Nws yuav tsum tam sim no tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub scale ntawm ib lub tsev, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub nroog qhov chaw: cov txheej txheem no muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm Praça ua Comércio (Commerce Square) nyob rau hauv Lisbon (loj lub zos square, ib tug monumental rooj vag, muaj ib tug broad khw txoj kev sab nraum lub rooj vag yog symmetrical nrog rau kev hwm mus ntev kab rov tav axis, uas tswj nrig txog kev pom foundations).

Muab thiab paab symmetry tsim ib tug nkag siab ntawm lub zog thiab atherosclerosis, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub architectural qhov chaw.

Cov cylindrical symmetry nyob rau hauv architecture yuav pom mas nyob rau hauv tus yees thiab txhua.

Chiral symmetry, tej zaum tsawg paub, tiam sis feem ntau thiab zoo siv nyob rau hauv architecture.

Lub symmetry ntawm kev zoo sib thooj yog tam sim no attracting ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim thiab yog zoo dua lub npe hu feem ntau vim kev qhia kom paub nrog fractals. Muab Kauv los yog helical symmetry nyob rau hauv lub architecture tej zaum yuav muab suav hais tias ib tug tshwj xeeb hom symmetry ntawm kev zoo sib thooj.

Translational symmetry nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw pab pawg neeg, thiab tom qab ob sab sib dho symmetry - lub feem ntau ntau hom symmetry nyob rau hauv lub architecture.

Rau tag nrho hais tias, nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov vaj tse yog ntau tshaj ib hom ntawm symmetry. Piv txwv li, ib tug Suav Pejthuam, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib tug cylindrical symmetry thiab kev zoo sib thooj.

architectural chaw

Tam sim no yog dab tsi txhawj xeeb lub architectural qhov chaw. Ob lub tswv yim yog siv nyob rau hauv piav txog lub "emptiness": qhov chaw thiab txoj kev. Lub architecture ntawm qhov chaw, nws yog to taub raws li ib tug taw tes, tab sis txoj kev - axis. Lub Center yog txuam nrog ib tug tseem ceeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib loj architectural tej qhov chaw, xws li lub thaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj. Kev (axis) - ib tug muaj zog los ntawm tus tuav lub chaw.

lub axis ntawm symmetry - lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev qhia ntawm architectural tsim. Ntau tshaj 1,500 xyoo keeb kwm ntawm architecture qhia tau hais tias lub architectural chaw muaj evolved dua lub centuries nrog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb nyob rau symmetry. Nyob rau hauv ancient Rome, nruj axial symmetry nyob rau hauv architecture muab sawv mus rau ib tug monumental, zoo li qub tej qhov chaw, xav hauv lub siab ntawm tshuav nyiaj li cas, thiab tsis dynamic.