Taw dais Zapolskaya ntawv sib yeem lus - ib tug kev sib haum xeeb treaty ntawm lub tebchaws no, thiab cov Lavxias teb sab nceeg vaj

Zog ntawm Guj kuj thiab Poland tau waged tsov rog nrog txhua lwm yam rau centuries. Ib tug ntawm cov tsis sib haum lawm ib feem ntawm lub Livonian ua tsov ua rog, thaum lub sij hawm uas lub Baltic States raug kev txaus siab ntawm ob peb lub xeev.

Yuav ua li cas puas tau tus Livonian ua tsov ua rog

Nyob rau hauv 1558, Lavxias teb sab Tsar Ivan qhov txaus ntshai tau invaded lub teb chaws ntawm lub Livonian Order. Nws xav los yeej muaj cov Baltic xeev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm tam sim no-hnub Estonia thiab Latvia. Peb nyob ntawm no ua ntej lwm haiv neeg, thiab nyob rau hauv lub XIII xyoo pua, lub Crusaders tuaj txog ntawm no Catholics. Lawv nrhiav tau lub Livonian Order, ua lub Riga thiab ntau lwm fortresses.

Lub Crusaders tiv thaiv nrog lub infidels rau uas tau txais kev tso cai los ntawm cov Pope. Rau cov neeg, nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, tus cwj pwm thiab Orthodox, uas kuj them tribute mus rau lub Golden Horde. Yog li ntawd, nrog rau cov Livonian knights tiv thaiv Alexander Nevsky. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, qhov teeb meem tau ua ib tug mus tas thiab tu ncua xwb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib tug sib yeem lus.

By lub sij hawm kuv pib kav Grozny, Russia koom nyob ib ncig ntawm Moscow, txawb tawm ntawm lub Tatar yoke, thiab txawm pib ib tug muaj kev vam meej nthuav mus rau sab hnub tuaj (lub capture ntawm Kazan thiab Astrakhan). Ivan IV ntseeg hais tias cov tsis muaj zog txaus Livonian Order yuav tsis muaj loj kuj.

Tus thawj lub sij hawm ntawm tsov rog yog zoo tiag tiag rau Russia. Voivod huab tais yuav Dorpat, Narva thiab ob peb lwm yam loj lub zos. Hais tias tag nrho hloov thaum nyob sib ze powers twb kos rau hauv qhov teeb meem. Nws yog Sweden, Rzeczpospolita (cov nom tswv union ntawm Poland thiab Lithuania), thiab Denmark (mus rau ib tug tsawg raws li). Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd qhov txaus ntshai pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug heev yooj yim txoj hauj lwm cais.

Havzoov ntawm lub nyiam thab plaub lub teb chaws

Cuaj kaum, ntau lub ntev xyoo ua tsov ua rog nws nrog ib tug ib ntus kev vam meej nyob rau hauv lub confrontation nrog Poland thiab Lithuania. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv 1564 Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog tau kov yeej Polotsk (lub nroog, uas yog tseem txaus ntshai muaj txoj cai raws li Rurik). Tab sis, ces ua raws li lub yeej nyob rau sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Chashniki.

Txawv teb chaws txoj cai failures nrog xav tias tsam lawv nyob rau hauv Russia. Tom qab lub mysterious kev tuag ntawm nws tus thawj tus poj niam ntawm Ivan Grozny nws los ua tej yam txawv nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo li lawv cov ncig. Paranoia thiab ntshai ntawm txoj coj mus rau tyranny. Thaum nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub giant kub skillet tsim txom los ntawm tus tswv xeev, cov pab tub rog raug kev txom nyem yeej tom qab swb.

Thaum kawg nyob rau hauv 1577 nws tau muab tso rov qab rau Polotsk, thiab cov Swedes yog tej Narva. Nws yog tsuas ua tsaug rau lub heroism ntawm cov neeg ua hauj thiab muaj kev tswj kom tsis txhob txawv teb chaws pab. Tug nyob rau hauv 1581-1582 gg. unsuccessfully precipitated Pskov thiab Swedish tau ua tsis tau tejyam nyob rau hauv lub neeg rau. Tsov rog twb 24 xyoo, thiab cov havzoov ntawm lub teb chaws yuav tsum tau kaj siab lug.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm delegations

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov taw dais Zapolskaya ntawv sib yeem lus thiab cov kev sib khom lus reflected nyob rau hauv lub memoirs ntawm Antonio Possevino. Nws yog ib tug Jesuit thiab ib txog tej diplomat. Nws sawv cev qhov kev txaus siab ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic nyob rau hauv lub sib khom ntawm Poland thiab Russia. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tug neeg txawj secretary, thiab muaj peev xwm mus qhia tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm no txoj kev.

Kev sib khom lus pib lub Kaum Ob Hlis 13, 1581. Thiab qhov chaw tau xaiv ib tug qhov chaw ib tug ob peb mais ntawm Zapolskoho Pit (chaw pib lub npe). Nws yog nyob ze mus rau lub qub ciam teb nyob ze ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab nroog ntawm Pskov, uas yog tseem nyuam qhuav besieged los ntawm Polish King Stefan Batory. Taw dais Zapolskiy kev sib haum xeeb tau ua nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm tsis ntev los no sib ntaus sib tua ntawm qhov chaw.

Tsis muaj leej twg lub monarchs tsis tuaj koom lub hais lus. Lawv nyiam yog sawv cev los ntawm heev heev diplomats. By Tug thiab Lithuanians los txog Braslavsky tswv xeev Janusz Zbarazhsky, Niasvizh thiab tub huabtais Albrecht olyksky Radzvill thiab secretary Miail Garaburda. Ivan Grozny kuj tsis stint nyob rau parliamentarians. Lawv Kashinskij Governor Dmitry Eletskii, Kozelskiy tswv xeev Roman Alferov thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm Nikita Vereshchagin. Taw dais Zapolskaya ntawv sib yeem lus twb xaus lus kho hom haum xeeb los ntawm lub aforementioned Jesuit Antonio Possevino.

Concessions nyob rau hauv Livonia

Kev sib khom lus ntxiv rau txog ib lub hlis. Thaum kawg, Lub ib hlis ntuj 15, 1582 tau kos npe dais Zapolskaya sib yeem lus. Nws mob kuj tsis yooj yim rau Russia, tab sis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ua raws li no tsis kaj siab kev muaj tiag.

Ivan IV tsis kam tag nrho rau hauv lub zos uas nws tau kov yeej nyob rau hauv Livonia. Nws muaj kaum ob ntawm forts ntawm ntau ntau thiab tsawg. Ntawm no yog cov cia li ib tug me me daim ntawv teev cov piv txwv: echoed Alista, Volodymyrets, Dorpat, Krutsborg, Them, Rivne, Tarvaz, Chestvin, etc. Feem ntau ntawm cov npe ua historicism ... Tam sim no cov zos tau txais qhov chaw npe nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws lus - Latvian thiab Estonian. Cov seem ntawm Livonia nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb nyob los ntawm Sweden (nws daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe rau ib lub xyoos tom qab).

Lwm yam ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv cog lus

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov taw dais Zapolskaya ntawv sib yeem lus qhia txoj hmoo ntawm lub nroog, uas nyob rau ntau lub sij hawm yuav tau lawm Ivanom Groznym nyob rau hauv cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Lawv Velizh thiab Polotsk. Lavxias teb sab huab tais tsis kam lawv (txawm tias qhov no tsuas yog ib tug formality, txij thaum uas lub sij hawm lawv tau kov yeej los ntawm Stefan Batory).

Polish huab tais pom zoo rau rov qab mus rau lub zos, uas nws yog tej nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws yog tus Great Lukas Hill, Nevel thiab Zavolochye. Taw dais Zapolskiy ntiaj teb no muaj ib tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv uas tau hais rov qab thiab Pskov neeg zej zog, nyob thaum lub sij hawm tas los siege.

Thaj av uas tau raug ntes nyob rau hauv Livonia Sweden thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev kos npe rau cov ntaub ntawv, tau cais los ntawm cov ntawv. Cuaj kaum, tus Tug ua ib daim ntawv qhia hais tias lawv kuj hais rau cov cheeb tsam. Yog li ntawd ib tug hais nruab nrab twb xaus lus taw dais Zapolskaya sib yeem lus. Lub hnub nws kos npe rau twb rho thaum pib ntawm daim ntawv.

Txoj hmoo ntawm ntawv sib yeem lus

Dua li no, txhua leej txhua tus to taub hais tias qhov no tsuas yog ib tug respite, thiab hostilities ceased ib pliag. Taw dais Zapolskaya ntawv sib yeem lus nrog Poland tau payment rau ib lub sij hawm ntawm 10 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej nws yuav raug ncua. Keeb kwm tau hais tias cov daim ntawv cog lus tseem tam sim no mus txog rau thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Tej xwm nyob rau Russia. Tom qab Ivan Grozny tuag, nws tus tub Theodore thiab tag nrho cov ntawm lawv successors, lub Rurik dynasty txiav luv luv. Pib ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm lub boyars pawg thov txoj cai.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntawm lub Polish-Lithuanian tebchaws tuaj impostor neeg uas hu ua nws tus kheej ib tug survivor ntawm Tsarevich Dmitry - tus tub Ivana Groznogo, leej twg tuag ib tug me nyuam nyob rau hauv Uglich nyob rau hauv 1591. Adventurer npe Grigoriem Otrepevym. Nws yog ib tug tus khiav nkaum monk. Nws twb kev txhawb los ntawm cov Polish huab tais, leej twg ces nws invaded Russia, uas ua txhaum cov taw dais Zapolskaya sib yeem lus. Xyoo nws besieged Smolensk, thiab ces luv luv nyob Moscow. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab militia raug ntiab tawm hauv lub Tug, thiab cov boyars xaiv huab tais Mikhail Romanov, uas tau los ua tus tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab muaj koob muaj npe dynasty uas kaav peb puas xyoo.