Tawg: tuag koob tshuaj rau tib neeg

Lub tawg yog ionizing tawg me me hais thiab lub cev teb. Rau hluav taws xob kis tsis muaj xws li ultraviolet rays thiab pom lub teeb ntau. Muaj peev xwm mus ionize lub substance tsis muaj ib tug counter xov tooj cua tsis thiab microwaves, nws yog tsis tawg. Tuag koob tshuaj rau tib neeg yog tsis tsim artificially los ntawm tshuaj dab, tawg yog hais txog lub cev kev txiav txim.

Lub hwj chim thiab koob tshuaj

Tawg muaj peev xwm yog tus nqi ntawm cov ionization rau ib tug tej lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Rau lub hwj chim tsev muaj - micro-roentgen ib teev.

Cov uas ua koob yog ntsuas los ntawm tag nrho cov koob tshuaj, txiav txim los ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub tawg khoo los ntawm lub duration ntawm lub microparticles li xam tuag koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob rau cov tib neeg, uas ua rau yus tuag. Yuav kom ntsuas qhov sib npaug koob tshuaj yog siv lub sievert (Sv), los mus laij lub hwj chim txiav txim nyob rau hauv sievert ib teev (Sv / h).

Yuav kom xam qhov sib npaug koob tshuaj los ntawm Raug tus kab mob mus rau lub rays ntawm ntau hom coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev siv ntawm cov yam tawg ntawm lub sievert. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim tag nrho koob tshuaj gamma-ray kev ua equate 100 roentgens 1 Sv. Me koob tshuaj tsawg tshaj li 1 Sv xam nrog kev xav txog:

• 1 mSv (mSv) sib npaug zos rau 1/1000 sievert;
• 1 Sv (mikrozivert) sib npaug zos rau 1/1000 milliziverts millionth los yog sievert.

Ib tug ntaus ntawv rau ntsuas tawg

Standard ntau ntaus ntawv rau kev txiav txim lub koob nqi los yog hwj chim qhia mus rau tus ntaus ntawv thiab mus rau lub ntaus ntawv tsav tsheb, ib tug dosimeter. Dosimetry yog ua thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm tau raug tawg, piv txwv li, ua haujlwm, los yog cov tiav kev cawm hauj lwm.

Ib tug tuag koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob rau ib tug tib neeg X-rays nyob rau lub tawg siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm yog hais tias tus tag nrho tus nqi yog ntau tshaj li 600 units, ces xws irradiation lub neej txoj sia. Nais maum kuaj thauj khoom, khoom, ntsuas lub keeb kwm ntawm cov vaj tse thiab vaj tse. Txhua tus neeg mus xyuas qhov chaw uas qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm tej kab mob sib kis, lub dosimeter tau txais nyob rau hauv qhov tus kheej siv.

Mus rau hauv txawv teb, xws li roob, pas dej, yuav mus nyob rau taug kev ua si los yog tuaj tos berries thiab nceb, coj cov ntaus ntawv mus rau daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas lub cheeb tsam ua ntej yuav nrhiav ntev. Nws yog txiav txim los ntawm cov kev siv ntawm cov tawg cheeb tsam ua ntej kev tsim kho los yog cov purchase ntawm av. Cov tom qab tawg yog tsis txo kom tsawg thiab yog tsis muab tshem tawm los ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv vaj tse thiab khoom, yog li qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm pre-kuaj siv ib tug dosimeter.

Lub tswvyim ntawm radioactivity

Ib txhia tsis ruaj tsis khov nuclei muaj atoms muaj peev xwm ntawm cov los yog tawg ua me me. Qhov no txoj kev txhawb rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm dawb ions. Muaj yog ib tug neeg emission, zog-haib, muaj peev xwm ntawm ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv lub surrounding khoom thiab ntxias cov emergence ntawm tshiab ions ntawm tsis zoo thiab zoo xwb. Ib tug tuag koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv rad tshwm sim thaum tus neeg irradiated 600 rad, 100 rad nyob rau lub (off-system unit) = 100 roentgens.

Cov ua rau tej kab mob sib kis

Cov nyhuv ntawm ntau yam thiab tej yam ua rau kom tom qab tawg:

• tsis ntawm tej tshuaj los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus nuclear huab nyob rau hauv cov tawg;
• thaum ib tug tawg ntxias, ua tsim ib tug tej isotope hom nyob rau ntawm ib instantaneous kev txiav txim ntawm gamma rays thiab neutrons, lub tso thaum lub sij hawm nuclear explosions;
• tus ntawm lwm tawg ntawm gamma thiab beta rays;
• tuag koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob no yog muaj nyob rau ntawm ib sab hauv irradiation tom qab raug tus kab mob ntawm tej isotopes hauv tib neeg lub cev los ntawm cov pa los yog cov zaub mov;
• tej kuab paug yog provoked nyob rau hauv peacetime txiv neej-ua qeeg ntawm nuclear chaw, kev thauj mus los thiab pov tseg ntawm nuclear pov tseg.

zoo ntawm hluav taws xob

Txaus ntshai rau tib neeg yog cov tawg microparticles, uas ua rau lub cev kab mob thiab cov neeg tuag. Lub magnitude ntawm tej yam nyob rau hauv lub hom rays, ntev thiab zaus:

• hnyav alpha-particle, zoo them nuclei tom qab disintegration (tus tom kawg muaj xws li thoron, cobalt-60, uranium, saib puas muaj radon);
• beta hais yog electrons pa strontium-90, poov tshuaj-40, cesium-137;
• gamma rays sawv cev los ntawm ib qhov me me uas muaj tob tob hwj chim (cesium-137, cobalt-60);
• nyuaj X-rays, gamma-li-hais, tab sis tsawg nquag, muab americium-241, yog ib qhov chaw ntawm tshwm sim ntawm lub hnub;
• Neutrons yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub plutonium cores, lawv txuam nrog yog pom nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm nuclear reactors.

ntau ntau yam koob tshuaj

Equivalent tsau zoo koob tshuaj yog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws xob koob tshuaj rau lub cev raws li ib tug rau txim ntawm ib tug tej yam nqi ntawm teeb meem tshuaj. Qhov no xam yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub rhiab heev ntawm lub sab hauv nruab nrog cev thiab qhov chaw nyob lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug tej yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv lub cev (tej zaum tag lub neej). Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, ib tug tuag koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv lub X-rays yog ntsuas rau ib tug ntawm cov xaiv lub cev.

Ambidentate sib npaug koob txiav txim los ntawm cov nqi uas yuav tau ib tug neeg, yog tias tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nyob qhov twg dosimetry yog ua li cas, qhov taw qhia yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv sievert.

Tej yam uas tej kab mob sib kis rau tib neeg lub cev

Tej tawg, ua rau lub tsim nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm hluav taws xob hais nrog txawv tej yam tshwm sim, ionizing suav hais tias. Lub tawg khiav ri niab tawg tom qab lossi nrog txiv neej, nws ua ib qho cosmic tawg, cov nyhuv ntawm lub hnub, lub ntuj qhov chaw ntawm radionuclides thiab lwm yam ntawm tus biosphere.

Mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txaus ntshai tej yam kev mob los tiv thaiv cov neeg ua nrog tshwj xeeb costumes, ua raws li cov qauv kev ruaj ntseg. Irradiation ntawm lub cev tau txais nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj thwmsim, nqa tawm kev soj ntsuam, kev kho mob cov kev tshawb fawb, kev tshawb fawb geological thiab lwm tus neeg.

Hloov ntawm raug

Ib tug tuag koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob mus rau tib neeg nyob rau hauv rad units yog 600 thiab ua rau txoj kev tuag. Irradiation ntawm ib koob tshuaj ntawm 400 rau 600 rad txhawb tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws xob kev mob kev nkeeg thiab yuav ua rau kev hloov ntawm noob. Action ionized transformation ntawm lub cev me ntsis kawm, change manifest lawv tus kheej los ntawm tiam. lub sij hawm kis tau muab txoj cai rau ntseeg, muaj ib tug hloov ntawm tej cawv los yog vim lwm yam yog vim li cas.

Change nyob rau hauv tsos yog muab faib mus rau hauv hom, tshwm nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm tom qab tau nphav raug txiav txim thiab recessive. Qhov thib ob hom ntawm manifests nws tus kheej yog hais tias tus niam thiab tus me nyuam muaj ib tug mutated noob. Cov kev hloov tsis sawv rau ob peb tiam, los yog tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev txhawj xeeb txiv neej. Degeneration ntawm lub fetus yog nyuaj yuav tsum tau txiav txim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntxov ntxov tau me nyuam, yog hais tias tus hloov tsis pub tus embryo mus cuag cov pab pawg neeg uas muaj hnub nyoog.

Tawg kev mob kev nkeeg. leukosis

Nyob rau hauv lub formulation ntawm tus mob ntawm hluav taws xob kev mob kev nkeeg yog heev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tawg. Ib tug tuag koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob ua rau yus tuag, tab sis tsis muaj tsawg txaus ntshai kis theem ntawm los ntawm 200 mus rau 600 p, ua tawg kev mob kev nkeeg. Tawg muaj feem xyuam rau ib tug neeg tom qab ib tug tib haib tej yam los yog nyob rau ib qhov nkag mus ntawm cov uas tsis muaj hwj chim tawg. Ib qho piv txwv yog tus ua hauj lwm ntawm radiologists tsis mas qhov raug thiab mob uas raug cov kab mob.

Cov feem ntau txaus ntshai yog cov nyhuv ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv lub cev tsis kho lub cev tau txog li ntawm 15 xyoo. Hais txog qhov luaj li cas ntawm ib koob tshuaj uas tsis muaj kev pom zoo, kev soj ntsuam muab sib txawv kam koob tshuaj ntawm 50, 100 thiab 200 p. Lub pathogenesis kawm nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb institutes, tawg leukemia ntau mus siv cuag rau kev kho mob.

Oncological kab mob

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv tib nyuab los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias rau cov emergence ntawm generalized cov ntaub ntawv kawm loj pawg ntawm cov neeg, uas yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau tshwj xeeb xyaum ua tej yam. Yuav ua li cas ib tug tuag koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob yog tuag, thiab dab tsi ntau ntau cov mob cancer ua tib neeg hlav yuav tsis raug txiav txim los ntawm cov tsiaj thwmsim.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nyiaj ntawm yus koob tshuaj yuav ua tau rau ua cancer hlav, muaj yog tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv. Tej koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob txais los ntawm lub cev muab sawv mus rau pib txhoj puab heev cell division. Nyob rau hauv zaus ces ntawm tus kab mob yog dej num raws li nram no:

• yog lub feem ntau manifestation ntawm leukemia;
• 1000 poj niam teej tug mus rau ib tug uas muaj feem yuav pab pawg neeg, lub mis mob cancer 10 mob cov neeg mob;
• tib statistics ntawm lub qog cancer.

Tawg kev mob kev nkeeg heev degree

Cov tsos mob ntawm hluav taws xob kev mob kev nkeeg yog ib qhov mob taub hau, impaired zog, gestures ntawm kev sib koom tes, xeev siab, ntuav, kiv taub hau, mob plab, thiab plab hnyuv mob. Yuav ua li cas yog lub koob ntawm hluav taws xob yog tuag rau tib neeg:

• thawj degree manifest tom qab ib tug latent lub sij hawm ntawm ob lub lis piam, tus kab mob no yog tshwm sim los ntawm irradiation ntawm 100 rau 200 roentgens;
• rau cov manifestation ntawm lub thib ob degree tom qab lub irradiation koob tshuaj ntawm 200 rau 400 X-rays, kev tuag tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib feem plaub raug;
• tawg kev mob kev nkeeg thib peb theem - yog lub neej no nyob rau hauv 50% ntawm cov neeg, rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm txaus tawg koob tshuaj ntawm 400 rau 600 roentgens;
• plaub, lub feem ntau txaus ntshai theem, kuj ua rau tawg. Tuag koob tshuaj ntawm 600 roentgens, kev tuag tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 100% ntawm cov neeg.

Txoj kev rau tus kheej tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm tej kab mob sib kis rau tej thaj chaw

Tus txheem kev ua rau cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog hais tias tus tawg. Ib tug tuag koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob yog txaus ntshai rau lub neej, yog li ntawd rau txo tuag ncaav khiav tawm ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub vaj tse, uas yog muab faib rau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau capital foob pob Cross, qab tsev, ntoo vaj tse thiab tsheb. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv cov qauv ntawm cov thawj hom, lwm tus yuav kho li thaum muaj xwm ceev ib ntus vaj tse.

Pib ntsuas muaj xws li ua pa tiv thaiv, dej thiab khoom noj khoom siv. Shelter yam ua nyob rau hauv ua ntej yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug txaus ntshai ntawm tawg los yog tso tawm. Siv anti-tawg tshuaj yog tsis siv los muab cov mis nyuj tshiab.

Ua kev sanitization thiab tua ntawm qhov chaw, txhua lub sij hawm cov neeg evacuated sab nraum lub mob cheeb tsam. Yuav txo tau ntawm Internal raug los ntawm xa hmoov av capture muab respirators, zoo nyob rau hauv 80% ntawm cov neeg. Tus me daim duab muab gauze ntaub qhwv ntawm plaub khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tab sis siv tag nrho cov txhais tau tias rau ntawm txhais tes tiv thaiv. Raws li siv capes pleev cov tshuaj rainwear, nyob rau hauv huab mob, lub polyethylene zaj duab xis.

Thaum kawg nws yog muaj nqis mentioning uas cov tawg tsam tsis txo kis, kev pheej hmoo ntawm tib neeg kab mob yog tsis tshua siv ntawm tus kheej tiv thaiv cov khoom thiab tswj lub irradiation koob tau los ntawm txoj kev dosimeters.