Tawm accelerators ntawm them hais. Raws li particle accelerators ua hauj lwm. Yog vim li cas particle accelerators?

Tus tsuj roj ntawm them hais - ib tug ntaus ntawv nyob rau ib lub beam ntawm electrically them atomic los yog subatomic hais mus txawv tebchaws nyob ze cov kev ceev. Lub hauv paus ntawm nws ua hauj lwm yog tsim nyog nce lawv lub zog los ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob field thiab hloov cov trajectory - magnetic.

Yuav ua li cas yog particle accelerators?

Cov pab kiag li lawm yog lug siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb ntawm science thiab kev lag luam. Rau hnub tim, thoob ntiaj teb muaj ntau tshaj li 30 txhiab. Rau cov physics ntawm them particle accelerators pab raws li ib lub cuab tam ntawm yooj yim kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov atoms, cov xwm ntawm nuclear rog thiab nuclear zog, uas tsis tshwm sim lawm. Cov yav tas muaj xws li transuranic thiab lwm yam tsis ruaj tsis khov ntsiab.

Nrog rau qhov kev tso raj tau ua tau los mus txiav txim cov kev them nqi. Them particle accelerators no kuj siv rau zus tau tej cov radioisotopes, nyob rau hauv industrial radiography, radiotherapy, rau kom tsis muaj menyuam lom cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nyob rau hauv radiocarbon tsom xam. Qhov loj tshaj plaws rau lwm cov siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm yuav tsum muaj kev sib tshuam.

Lub neej ntawm tus them hais thaum so nrog txoj kev tus tsuj roj yog me dua ntawd hais ceev rau speeds nyob ze rau qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb. Qhov no muaj tseeb nrog qhov kuj me me ntawm lub sij hawm noj. Piv txwv li, nyob CERN tau tau tiav ib qho kev nce rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub muon 0,9994c ceev 29 lub sij hawm.

Qhov tsab xov xwm zoo nyob rau hauv dab tsi yog sab hauv thiab ua hauj lwm particle tsuj roj, nws txoj kev loj hlob, ntau hom thiab ntau nta.

acceleration hauv paus ntsiab lus

Txawm li cas los zoo li cas ntawm them particle accelerators koj paub, tag nrho lawv muaj yam uas hais. Ua ntej, lawv yuav tsum muaj ib qhov chaw ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug TV daim duab raj los yog electrons, protons thiab lawv antiparticles nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm loj sib. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tag nrho cov muaj hluav taws xob teb leeb hais thiab sib nqus teb los tswj lawv cov trajectory. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub tshuab nqus tsev nyob rau hauv lub them particle tsuj roj (10 ^-11 mm hg. V.), M. E. Ib yam tsawg kawg nkaus kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm residual huab cua, yuav tsum tau los xyuas kom meej ib tug ntev lub neej lub sij hawm kab teeb. Thaum kawg, tag nrho cov sib yuav tsum muaj ntawv sau npe txhais tau tias, cov suav thiab kev ntsuas ntawm tus ceev hais.

tiam

Electrons thiab protons, uas yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv accelerators, yog pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis ua ntej lawv yuav tsum tau xaiv los ntawm lawv. Electrons feem ntau yog generated nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li nyob rau hauv cov duab raj - nyob rau hauv ib tug ntaus ntawv uas yog hu ua ib tug "phom". Nws yog ib tug cathode (negative electrode) nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev, uas yog rhuab mus rau ib tug lub xeev qhov twg electrons pib tuaj tawm lub atoms. Tsis zoo them hais yog attracted rau lub anode (zoo electrode) thiab kis tau los ntawm cov qhov hluav taws xob. Cov phom nws tus kheej yog yooj yim raws li tus tsuj roj vim hais tias cov electrons yog tsiv nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob field. Lub voltage ntawm lub cathode thiab anode, feem ntau nyob rau hauv ntau 50-150 kV.

Sib nrug los ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv muaj protons, tiam sis tsuas yog ib zaug xwb proton nucleus muaj li ntawm hydrogen atoms. Yog li ntawd, cov particle qhov chaw rau proton accelerators yog hydrogen gas. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov roj yog ionized thiab lub protons nyob los ntawm qhov. Nyob rau hauv loj accelerators protons yog feem ntau tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tsis zoo hydrogen ions. Lawv sawv cev rau ib tug ntxiv electron los ntawm atoms uas yog cov khoom ntawm ib tug diatomic roj ionization. Txij li thaum lub negatively them hydrogen ions nyob rau hauv thawj zaug rau theem ntawm kev ua hauj lwm yooj yim. Ces lawv kis tau los ntawm ib tug nyias ci, uas deprives lawv ntawm electrons ua ntej lub theem kawg ntawm acceleration.

acceleration

Raws li particle accelerators ua hauj lwm? Ib tug tseem ceeb feature ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov hluav taws xob field. Qhov yooj yim piv txwv - tus niaj hnub zoo li qub teb ntawm lub zoo thiab tsis zoo hluav taws xob potentials, zoo ib yam li uas tshwm sim nruab nrab ntawm cov terminals ntawm lub fais roj teeb. Qhov no electron teb nqa ib tug tsis zoo xwb yog raug mus rau ib tug dag zog yuam uas qhia nws mus rau ib tug zoo peev xwm. Nws accelerates nws, thiab yog hais tias muaj tej yam uas yuav sawv nyob rau hauv txoj kev, nws ceev thiab lub hwj chim nce. Electrons tsiv mus rau qhov zoo tej zaum nyob rau hauv cov hlau los yog nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, thiab sib tsoo nrog cov atoms poob zog, tab sis yog hais tias lawv muaj nyob rau hauv vacuo, ces ceev raws li lawv txoj kev ua tus anode.

Nro ntawm qhov pib thiab thaum xaus txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub electron sij muas lawv lub zog. Thaum tsiv los ntawm ib tug tej zaum txawv ntawm 1 V yog sib npaug zos rau 1 electron-volt (eV). Qhov no yog sib npaug rau 1,6 × 10 ^-19 Joule. Lub zog ntawm ib tug ya yoov tshaj cum trillion lub sij hawm ntau. Nyob rau hauv kinescope electrons yog ceev voltage ntau dua 10 kV. Muaj ntau accelerators mus txog ntau dua energies ntsuas mega, giga thiab tera-electron-volts.

hom

Ib txhia ntawm cov earliest hom particle accelerators, xws li cov voltage d thiab cov generator Van tsib Graaff generator, siv ib qhov hluav taws xob teb generated los ntawm cov potentials txog li ib lab volts. Nrog xws li high voltages ua hauj lwm yooj yim. Ib tug ntau tswv yim mas yog tus ua kev txiav txim ntawm tsis muaj zog hluav taws xob teb ua tsawg potentials. Qhov no txoj ntsiab cai no siv nyob rau hauv ob hom niaj hnub accelerators - linear thiab cyclic (mas cyclotrons thiab synchrotrons). Tawm particle accelerators, nyob rau hauv luv luv, dhau lawv ib zaug los ntawm ib theem zuj zus ntawm accelerating teb, thaum lub sij hawm cyclically ntau lub sij hawm lawv tsiv mus nyob rau hauv ib lub yeej txoj kev los ntawm cov kuj me me hluav taws xob field. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si zaum, qhov kev kawg zog ntawm tus hais nyob rau tag nrho cov teb ntawm kev txiav txim, yog li ntawd ntau me me "pob" yog ntxiv ua ke los muab lub neej coj cov nyhuv ntawm ib tug loj.

Lub repetitive qauv ntawm ib tug linear tsuj roj los ua kom muaj hluav taws xob teb nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ntuj tso txoj kev yog siv cov AC, tsis DC. Lub zoo them hais yog ceev rau qhov tsis zoo tej zaum thiab tau ib tug tshiab impetus, yog tias dhau zoo. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, cov voltage yuav tsum tau hloov sai sai heev. Piv txwv li, nyob rau ntawm ib lub zog ntawm 1 MeV proton tsiv heev kev kub ceev yog cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb ntawm 0,46, dua 1.4 m ntawm 0.01 ms. Qhov no txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv lub rov qauv ntawm ib tug ob peb meters ntev, lub fais teb yuav tsum hloov cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib zaus ntawm tsawg kawg yog 100 MHz. Tawm thiab cyclic accelerators hais feem ntau yog disperse rau lawv nrog alternating hluav taws xob field zaus los ntawm 100 MHz rau 3000, t. E. Nyob rau hauv lub chav xov tooj cua tsis mus microwaves.

Lub electromagnetic yoj yog ib tug ua ke ntawm oscillating fais thiab sib nqus teb oscillating ntawm txoj cai ces kaum mus rau txhua lwm yam. Qhov tseem ceeb point yog yuav tau kho tus tsuj roj yoj thiaj li hais tias thaum lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm tus hais cov hluav taws xob field yog qhia nyob rau hauv raws li cov acceleration vector. Qhov no yuav ua tau los ntawm kev siv ib tug sawv yoj - ua ke nrog cov tsis mus txawv tebchaws nyob rau hauv opposite qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw qhov chaw, lub suab tsis nyob rau hauv cov yeeb nkab hloov khoom nruab nrog. Ib lwm embodiment rau sai tsiv electrons uas nws velocities nce cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb, ib tug mus txawv tebchaws yoj.

autophasing

Ib qho tseem ceeb nyhuv uas cov acceleration nyob rau hauv ib tug alternating hluav taws xob field yog ib tug "theem stability". Nyob rau hauv ib oscillation voj voog alternating teb kis tau los ntawm xoom los ntawm cov nqi siab tshaj plaws rov qab mus rau zero, nws decreases mus rau ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus thiab nce mus rau zero. Yog li, nws kis tau ob zaug los ntawm cov nqi yuav tsum tau rau acceleration. Yog hais tias ib tug particle uas nws tshaj tawm qab, los ib yam nkaus thiab thaum ntxov, nws yuav tsis ua hauj lwm ib daim teb ntawm lub zog txaus, thiab lub laub yuav tsis muaj zog. Thaum nws nce mus txog tom ntej no, qhov kev kuaj lig thiab ntau yam. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws tus kheej-phasing tshwm sim, tus hais yuav tsum yog nyob rau hauv theem rau txhua daim teb nyob rau hauv lub accelerating cheeb tsam. Lwm cov nyhuv yog lub grouping lawv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tsim ib los khov rau ntawd es ib tug kwj nruam.

Cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov nqaj

Ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv yuav ua li cas tej hauj lwm thiab particle tsuj roj, ua si thiab sib nqus teb, raws li lawv muaj peev xwm hloov cov kev coj ntawm lawv lub zog. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv muaj peev xwm yuav siv tau rau "dabtsi yog khoov" ntawm lub beam nyob rau hauv ib tug yeej txoj kev, ces lawv pheej dhau los ntawm lub tib lub accelerating seem. Nyob rau hauv lub nyuaj cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau ib them particle tsiv ntawm ib txoj cai kaum sab xis cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov homogeneous magnetic teb, ib tug quab yuam vector perpendicular mus rau ob qho tib si ntawm nws lub zog, thiab mus rau lub teb. Qhov no ua rau beam yuav tawm mus nyob rau hauv ib tug yeej txoj kev perpendicular mus rau lub teb, kom txog rau thaum nws tawm ntawm nws teb ntawm kev txiav txim los yog lwm yam kev quab yuam pib ua rau nws. Cov nyhuv no yog siv nyob rau hauv cyclic accelerators xws li ib tug synchrotron thiab cyclotron. Nyob rau hauv ib tug cyclotron, rau qhov teb yog ua los ntawm ib tug loj magnet. Hais nrog ua ntawm lawv lub zog tsiv spirally outwardly ceev nrog txhua kiv puag ncig. Lub synchrotron txhaws txav nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nplhaib nrog ib tug qhov voos kheej-kheej, thiab lub teb generated los ntawm cov electromagnets nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nplhaib tsub kom raws li tus hais yog ceev. Cov hlau nplaum muab "dabtsi yog khoov", sawv cev dipoles nrog sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb tug, bent nyob rau hauv ib tug horseshoe zoo li hais tias tus nqaj yuav kis tau therebetween.

Qhov thib ob qho tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub electromagnets yog mus tsom tus kab teeb li hais tias lawv yog li ntawd, nqaim thiab mob siab heev li sai tau. Qhov yooj yim daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ntawm cov hlau nplaum - nrog plaub tug (ob sab qaum teb thiab yav qab teb ob) nyob yam txawv txhua lwm yam. Lawv thawb tus hais mus rau lub chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug coj, tab sis cia lawv muab faib nyob rau hauv lub perpendicular. Quadrupole hlau nplaum tsom lub beam horizontally, cia nws tawm mus kom pom tseeb mas. Ua li no, lawv yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv officers. Rau ib tug ntau tseeb ntawm kuj siv ntau sophisticated hlau nplaum nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ncej (6 thiab 8).

Txij li thaum lub zog ntawm cov particle nce, lub dag lub zog ntawm lub magnetic teb, coj lawv nce. Qhov no ua rau cov nqaj nyob rau hauv tib trajectory. Lub hwv yog nkag tau rau hauv lub nplhaib thiab yog ceev rau ib yam kev zog ua ntej nws yuav rho thiab siv nyob rau hauv sim kawm. Retraction yog tiav los ntawm electromagnets uas yog tshuab txais thawb tus hais los ntawm lub synchrotron nplhaib.

kev sib tsoo

Them particle accelerators siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab kev lag luam, mas tsim ib tug beam rau ib qho hom phiaj, e.g., irradiation los yog ion implantation. Qhov no txhais tau tias tus hais siv ib zaug. Cov tib yeej muaj tseeb tiag ntawm accelerators siv nyob rau hauv yooj yim kev tshawb fawb mus ntau xyoo. Tab sis lub rings tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1970, nyob rau hauv uas ob beams circulating nyob rau hauv opposite qhia thiab sib tsoo nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Circuit Court. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm xws tshuab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug frontal kev sib tsoo zog hais mus ncaj qha mus rau tus sis lub zog ntawm lawv. Qhov no contrasts nrog dab tsi tshwm sim thaum lub beam tsoo nrog ib tug ruaj ruaj duab, nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau ntawm lub zog mus rau lub yuav txo tau ntawm lub hom phiaj cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab, nyob rau hauv raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm kev txuag ntawm momentum.

Ib txhia cav tov nrog colliding beams yog lub tsev nrog ob tug rings, kev sib tshuam nyob rau hauv ob los yog ntau qhov chaw ntxiv, nyob rau hauv uas daim nyob rau hauv opposite lus qhia, tus hais rau tib yam. Ntau ntau collider particle-antiparticle. Antiparticle muaj cov lus rov them nyiaj ntawm cov kab hais. Piv txwv li, lub positron, yog zoo them, thiab electrons - tsis zoo. Qhov no txhais tau tias ib daim teb uas accelerates lub electron, cov positron slows, tsiv nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev coj. Tab sis yog hais tias tus tom kawg tsiv nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab, nws yuav leeb. Ib yam li ntawd, ib tug electron tsiv los ntawm ib tug sib nqus teb yuav nkhaus mus rau sab laug, thiab cov positron - txoj cai. Tab sis yog hais tias tus positron yog mus rau pem hauv ntej, ces nws txoj kev yuav mus ntxiv rau puas yuav mus rau sab xis, tab sis nyob rau tib lub nkhaus raws li hais tias ntawm lub electron. Txawm li cas los, qhov no txhais tau tias tus hais yuav tsiv mus nyob hauv lub nplhaib ntawm cov synchrotron tib hlau nplaum thiab ceev los ntawm lub tib lub electric teb nyob rau hauv opposite lus qhia. Nyob rau txoj ntsiab cai no tsim cov haib colliders colliding beams, t. Yuav kom. Cov tsuas yuav tsum tau ib tug nplhaib tsuj roj.

Nqaj nyob rau hauv lub synchrotron yog tsis tsiv tsis tu ncua thiab kev mus rau hauv "koog puav." Lawv muaj peev xwm yuav ob peb centimeters nyob rau hauv ntev thiab ib feem kaum ntawm ib millimeter nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla, thiab muaj txog li ^{12 Lub kaum hli ntuj} hais. Qhov no tsis tshua muaj ceev, vim hais tias qhov luaj li cas ntawm tej khoom muaj txog ^{23 Lub kaum hli ntuj} atoms. Yog li ntawd, thaum ib tug colliding beams tshuam, muaj tsuas yog ib tug me me muaj tseeb tias tus hais yuav hnov mob nrog txhua lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum txhaws tseem yuav tsiv mus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nplhaib, thiab sib ntsib dua. High nqus nyob rau hauv tus tsuj roj ntawm them hais (10 ^-11 mm hg. V.) Yog yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim tias tus hais yuav circulate rau ntau teev tsis collisions nrog cua molecules. Yog li ntawd, lub nplhaib tseem hu ua cumulative, vim hais tias beams tau muab nyob rau ntawd rau ob peb teev.

sau npe

Them particle accelerators nyob rau hauv feem ntau muaj peev xwm sau npe tshwm sim thaum tus hais ntaus lub hom phiaj los yog lwm cov beam, tsiv nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab. Nyob rau hauv ib tug TV daim duab raj, electrons los ntawm rab phom strike cov phosphor screen rau lub puab nto thiab emit teeb, uas li recreates kis duab. Nyob rau hauv accelerators xws tshwj xeeb detectors li cas rau li khiav ri hais, tab sis lawv feem ntau yog tsim los tsim hluav taws xob Pib ntsais koj teeb uas yuav tsum tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv lub computer cov ntaub ntawv thiab analyzed siv computer programs. Tsuas yog them ntsiab tsim hluav taws xob Pib ntsais koj teeb dua los ntawm cov khoom, piv txwv li los ntawm ionization los yog excitation ntawm atoms, thiab muaj peev xwm yuav ntes tau ncaj qha. Qhov nruab nrab hais xws li neutrons los yog photons yuav yuav ntes tau kov los ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm them hais tias lawv muaj nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab.

Muaj ntau ntau tshwj xeeb detectors. Ib txhia ntawm lawv, xws li ib tug Geiger txee, ib tug particle suav, thiab lwm yam kev siv, e.g., rau cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv lem los yog tshaj tawm ntsuas ntawm lub zog. Niaj hnub nimno detectors nyob rau hauv loj thiab technology, yuav sib txawv los ntawm me me xwb ua ke pab kiag li lawm los loj loj roj puv lag nrog nyob ntawm tej uas ntes ionized lem ua los ntawm them hais.

zaj dabneeg

Them particle accelerators mas tsim rau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov thaj chaw ntawm atomic nuclei thiab elementary hais. Txij li thaum lub qhib ntawm lub British physicist Ernest Rutherford nyob rau hauv 1919, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub nitrogen nucleus thiab ib tug alpha particle, tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm nuclear physics rau 1932 tau nqa tawm nrog Helium nuclei, tso tawm los ntawm cov hniav lwj los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tej ntsiab. Ntuj alpha-hais muaj ib tug kinetic zog ntawm 8 MeV, tab sis Rutherford ntseeg hais tias lawv yuav tsum artificially ceev txawm ntau dua qhov tseem ceeb rau saib xyuas cov hniav lwj ntawm hnyav nuclei. Thaum lub sij hawm nws ciali tsis yooj yim. Txawm li cas los, lub xam ua nyob rau hauv 1928 los ntawm Georgiem Gamovym (nyob rau hauv University of Göttingen, lub teb chaws Yelemees), pom tau tias lub ions yuav siv tau rau ntau sab energies, thiab qhov no muaj stimulated me nyuam no yuav tsim ib lub chaw uas muab ib tug nqaj txaus rau Nuclear kev tshawb fawb.

Lwm yam txheej xwm ntawm lub sij hawm no pom hais tias nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus los ntawm cov uas tus them particle accelerators yog ua rau hnub no. Tus thawj kev vam meej thwmsim nrog artificially ceev ions tau tuav Cockroft thiab Walton nyob rau hauv 1932 ntawm Cambridge University. Los ntawm kev siv ib tug voltage d, protons yog ceev rau 710 Kev, thiab pom tias lub caij nyoog kawg no li cas nrog lithium tsim ob alpha hais. Los ntawm 1931, nyob Princeton University nyob rau hauv New Jersey, Robert Van tsib Graaff electrostatic siv ua lub thawj high-tej zaum generator. Voltage d Cockcroft-Walton generators thiab Van tsib Graaff generator yog tseem siv zog qhov chaw rau accelerators.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm linear resonant tsuj roj twb pom hais tias Rolf Widerøe nyob rau hauv 1928. Lub Rhine-Westphalian Kev University nyob rau hauv Aachen, lub teb chaws Yelemees, nws siv ib tug siab AC voltage rau accelerate lub sodium thiab potassium ions rau energies nyob rau hauv excess ntawm ob lub sij hawm los qhia rau lawv. Nyob rau hauv 1931 nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States Ernest Lourens thiab nws pab David Sloan ntawm lub University of California, Berkeley, siv lub high-zaus teb leeb mercury ions rau energies ntau dua tshaj 1.2 MeV. Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog complemented tsuj roj ntawm hnyav them hais Wideröe, tab sis lub ion beams yog tsis pab tau nyob rau hauv nuclear kev tshawb fawb.

Sib Nqus resonance tsuj roj los yog cyclotron, twb xeeb raws li ib tug kev hloov kho ntawm Lawrence Wideröe installation. Tub Ntxhais Kawm Ntawv Lawrence Livingston pom lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov cyclotron nyob rau hauv 1931, ua lub ions nrog ib tug muaj zog ntawm 80 Txoj Kev Hlub. Nyob rau hauv 1932, Lawrence thiab Livingston tshaj tawm lub acceleration ntawm protons li rau ntau tshaj 1 MeV. Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv lub 1930s, zog cyclotrons mus txog txog 25 MeV, thiab cov Van tsib Graaff - txog 4 MeV. Nyob rau hauv 1940, Donald Kerst, ua ntawv thov cov kev tshwm sim ua tib zoo suav ntawm lub orbit rau cov hlau nplaum qauv, ua tau rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Illinois, cov thawj betatron, magnetic induction electron tsuj roj.

Niaj hnub nimno physics: particle accelerators

Tom qab lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II muaj sai kev kawm nyob rau hauv qhov kev kawm ntawm accelerating hais rau siab energies. Nws pib Edwin McMillan ntawm Berkeley thiab Vladimir Veksler nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nyob rau hauv 1945, lawv yog ob leeg ntawm nws tus kheej los ntawm txhua lwm yam tau piav lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm theem stability. Cov tswvyim no muaj ib tug txhais tau tias kom muaj lub ruaj khov orbits ntawm tus hais nyob rau hauv ib tug yeej tsuj roj uas muab tshem tawm kev txwv rau cov proton zog thiab pab tsim ib tug sib nqus resonance accelerators (synchrotrons) rau electrons. Autophasing, qhov kev siv ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm theem stability, twb paub tseeb hais tias tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug me me synchrocyclotron nyob rau University of California thiab lub synchrotron nyob rau hauv ces. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, cov thawj proton linear resonant tsuj roj yog tsim. Qhov no txoj ntsiab cai no siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov loj proton synchrotrons ua txij thaum ntawd los.

Nyob rau hauv 1947, William Hansen, nyob Stanford University nyob rau hauv California, los ua tus thawj electron linear tsuj roj ntawm lub ncig teb chaws yoj, uas siv microwave technology uas tau tsim los rau cov radar thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog.

Progress nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no twb ua tau los ntawm nce lub proton zog, uas coj mus rau qhov kev siv ntawm puas loj accelerators. Qhov no qauv yog siab raug nqi loj loj magnet nplhaib tau nres. Qhov loj tshaj plaws nyhav ib ncig ntawm 40,000 tons. Txoj kev rau koj ntxiv kom lub zog tsis muaj tshuab loj txoj kev loj hlob tau kuaj nyob rau hauv txog 1952 godu Livingstone, Courant thiab Snyder ib tug txheej txheem ntawm alternating ntawm (tej thaum hu muaj zog ntawm). Synchrotrons ua hauj lwm rau txoj ntsiab cai no, siv hlau nplaum 100 lub sij hawm me me tshaj ua ntej. Tej Tsom yog siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov niaj hnub synchrotrons.

Nyob rau hauv 1956 Kerst pom tau hais tias yog hais tias tus ob poob lawm ntawm hais yog muab khaws cia tseg nyob rau hauv kev sib tshuam orbits, koj yuav saib tau lawv tsoo. Daim ntawv thov ntawm no lub tswv yim yuav tsum tau tsub zuj zuj ceev beams nyob rau hauv mus, hu ua cumulative. Qhov no technology tau tiav ib tug tshaj plaws zog ntawm kev sis raug zoo hais.