Theem siab. Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub siab

Lub siab yog tus thib ob loj tshaj plaws kev hloov khoom nruab nrog nyob rau hauv lub cev - tsuas yog ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog loj thiab hnyav zog. Siab muaj nuj nqi yuav yog los ntawm zaub mov zom cov zaub mov, cov metabolism hauv, kev tiv thaiv thiab cia cov as-ham rau hauv lub cev. Lub siab yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev hloov khoom nruab nrog tsis muaj uas cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev sai sai tuag los ntawm tsis muaj zog thiab cov as-ham. Qhov zoo ces, nws muaj ib qho zoo kawg muaj peev xwm mus tsim dua tshiab thiab yuav loj hlob sai sai heev nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim los lawv muaj nuj nqi thiab loj. Cia saib cov qauv thiab cov kev ua ntawm lub siab tshaj.

Macroscopic tib neeg lub cev

Lub siab yog ib tug tib neeg txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub diaphragm thiab muaj ib tug voos zoo. Feem ntau ntawm nws hnyav nyob rau ntawm sab xis, thiab tsuas yog ib tug me me ib feem ntawm nws extends tshaj rau hauv nruab nrab txoj kab ntawm lub cev. Lub siab muaj ib tug heev mos mos, pinkish-xim av cov ntaub so ntswg uas xa tuaj nrog nyob rau hauv ib tug capsule ntawm connective cov ntaub so ntswg (Glisson capsule). Nws yog them thiab siv tam los ntawm lub peritoneum (serous membrane) ntawm lub plab kab noj hniav, uas tiv thaiv thiab tuav nws nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub plab mog. Qhov nruab nrab luaj li cas ntawm lub siab - txog 18 cm nyob rau hauv ntev thiab tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 13 nyob rau hauv thickness.

Lub peritoneum yog kev cob cog rua rau lub siab nyob rau hauv plaub qhov chaw: coronary ligament, sab laug thiab sab xis voos ligament thiab cov round ligament. Cov tebchaw no tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub anatomical siab; es, lawv yuav compressed mob plab cheeb tsam ntawm daim nyias nyias, uas txhawb lub siab.

• Dav coronary ligament txuas lub central ib feem ntawm lub siab mus rau lub diaphragm.

• Nyob rau lub sab ib thaj tsam ntawm sab laug thiab txoj cai lobes, rau sab laug thiab txoj cai voos ligaments txuas lub cev nrog rau lub diaphragm.

• Cov nyom nras extends downwardly los ntawm cov aperture los ntawm pem hauv ntej ntawm ntug lub siab rau nws cov hauv qab. Tom qab ntawm lub cev nkhaus ligament ntaub ntawv lub round ligament thiab txuas lub siab mus rau lub umbilicus. Lub round ligament yog cov neeg seem ntawm txoj hlab leeg, uas yog cov ntshav mus rau hauv lub cev thaum lub sij hawm embryonic txoj kev loj hlob.

Lub siab muaj nyias lobes - sab laug thiab txoj cai. Lawv sib cais los ntawm txhua lwm yam los ntawm ib tug nkhaus band. Txoj cai lobe yog hais txog 6 sij hawm loj tshaj sab laug. Txhua sib qhia yog muab faib mus rau hauv cov nplais, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv feem ntawm lub siab. Yog li, lub cev yog muab faib ua ob qhov chaw, 5 sectors thiab 8 feem. Yog li suav feem siab roman numerals.

txoj cai qhia

Raws li hais saum toj no, txoj cai lobe ntawm lub siab yog kwv yees li 6 lub sij hawm ntau tshaj rau sab laug. Nws muaj ob tug loj sectors: txoj cai sab sector thiab txoj cai paramedian sector.

Txoj cai sab sector yog muab faib ua ob sab feem uas yog tsis contiguous nrog rau sab laug lobe ntawm lub siab: txoj cai sab ya verhnezadny feem (VII ya) thiab lub sab ya nizhnezadny (VI ya).

Txoj cai paramedian sector yog tseem muaj ob theem: qhov nruab nrab thiab theem nrab verhneperedny nizhneperedny siab feem (VIII thiab V, ntsig txog).

Lub sab laug lobe

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias rau sab laug lobe ntawm lub siab yog me dua cov, nws muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm theem. Nws yog muab faib ua peb sectors: sab laug nraub, sab laug sab, sab laug paramedian sector.

Poob dorsal sector muaj ib ya: tus caudate ya ntawm sab laug lobe (I).

Poob sab sector heev, yog tsim los ntawm ib tug ya: tus posterior ya ntawm sab laug lobe (II).

Rau sab laug paramedian sector yog muab faib ua ob feem: square thiab pem hauv ntej kab ntawm sab laug lobe (IV thiab III, ntsig txog).

Ib tug los ze zog saib cov qauv ntawm cov segmental siab koj ua tau nyob rau hauv lub schemes uas ua raws li. Piv txwv li, Daim duab ib depicts lub siab, uas yog visually muab faib mus rau hauv tag nrho cov nws qhov chaw. Cov theem yog suav nyob rau hauv daim duab lub siab. Txhua tooj sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub xov tooj ntawm Latin ya.

Daim duab 1:

kua tsib hlab ntsha

Tubules nqa cov kua tsib los ntawm daim siab thiab gallbladder, kua tsib hu ua hlab ntsha thiab rau branched qauv - biliary system.

Lub kua tsib ua los ntawm cov mob hlwb, ntws nyob rau hauv me me raws - cov kua tsib hlab ntsha, uas yog tag nrho rau hauv loj cov kua tsib ducts. Cov kua tsib ducts ces kev cob cog rua rau txhua lwm yam, txoj kev ua ib tug loj sab laug thiab txoj cai ceg uas nqa cov kua tsib los ntawm txoj cai thiab sab laug siab lobes. Tom qab ntawd lawv yog koom nyob rau hauv ib tug uas hepatic duct, uas tshev tag nrho cov bile.

Common hepatic duct, thaum kawg koom lub cystic ciav los ntawm lub gallbladder. Ua ke lawv tsim cov kua tsib ciav nqa cov kua tsib mus rau lub duodenum hauv cov hnyuv. Feem ntau ntawm cov kua tsib ua los ntawm lub siab, yog muab tso rov qab rau hauv lub cystic ciav peristalsis, thiab tseem nyob rau hauv lub gallbladder kom txog rau thaum ces, kom txog thaum nws yuav tsum tau rau digestion.

circulatory system

Siab Perfusion cim. Ntshav nkag mus rau hauv nws los ntawm ob lub hauv paus: portal cov hlab ntsha (venous ntshav) thiab hepatic leeg (arterial cov ntshav).

Rooj vag Vienna yog ntshav los ntawm tus po, mob plab, pancreas, tsib lub zais zis, cov hnyuv thiab omentum. Thaum nkag mus hauv lub rooj vag ntawm lub siab, venous Vienna yog muab faib mus rau hauv ib tug zoo xov tooj ntawm cov hlab ntsha, qhov twg cov ntshav yog ua ntej mus rau lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev. Tawm lub hlwb ntawm lub siab, cov ntshav yog sau nyob rau hauv lub hepatic leeg, ntawm uas ntog mus rau hauv lub vena cava, thiab rov mus rau lub plawv.

Nyob rau hauv lub siab tseem muaj nws tus kheej system ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab me me cov hlab ntsha uas xa cov pa mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm nws nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li lwm yam lub cev.

slices

Lub sab hauv qauv ntawm lub siab muaj kwv yees li ntawm 100,000 me me hexagonal haumxeeb units hu ua slices. Txhua lobule muaj ib tug central cov hlab ntsha, hepatic portal ncig 6 6 hepatic leeg thiab cov hlab ntsha. Cov hlab ntsha yog txuam nrog rau ntau yam ntawm cov capillary hlab - sinusoids. Ib yam li cov spokes ntawm ib lub log, lawv cuag los ntawm lub portal leeg thiab cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub hauv paus hauv cov hlab ntsha.

Txhua sinusoid kis tau los ntawm lub siab nqaij, uas muaj ob yam loj yam ntawm hlwb: hlwb Kupffer thiab hepatocytes.

• Kupffer hlwb yog ib hom ntawm macrophage. Nyob rau hauv cov lus yooj yim, lawv ntes thiab zom qub, hnav-tawm cov ntshav liab dhau los ntawm lub sine yoj.

• hepatocytes (mob hlwb) yog cuboidal epithelial hlwb, uas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub sinusoids thiab comprise feem ntau ntawm cov hlwb nyob rau hauv lub siab. Hepatocytes ua feem ntau ntawm cov kev khiav dej num ntawm lub siab - lub metabolism, cia, plab zom mov thiab zus tau tej cov bile. Me me quav collections ntawm cov kua tsib, lub npe hu ua nws cov hlab ntsha, sinusoids khiav thaum uas tig mus rau sab tod los ntawm hepatocytes.

tswvyim siab

Qhov kev tshawb xav peb yeej paub. Cia peb kawm saib ua li cas nws zoo li tus tib neeg lub siab. Cov duab thiab cov kev qhia txog ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau hauv qab no. Txij li thaum ib daim duab yuav tsis pom lub cev kiag li, peb siv ob peb tug. Nws yog li cas yog ob tug dluab qhia tau hais tias cov tib ib feem ntawm lub siab.

Daim duab 2:

Tus xov tooj 2 cim nws tus kheej rau cov tib neeg lub siab. Duab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsis tsim nyog, yog li ntawd, saib nws daim duab. Cov nram qab no yog cov nuj nqis, thiab hais tias yog sawv cev los ntawm no daim duab:

1 - txoj cai hepatic ciav; 2 - siab; 3 - tshuav hepatic ciav; 4 - cov hepatic ciav; 5 - cov kua tsib ciav; 6 - txiav; 7 - pancreatic ciav; 8 - lub duodenum; 9 - sphincter ntawm Oddi; 10 - lub cystic ciav; 11 - gallbladder.

Daim duab 3:

Yog hais tias koj puas tau pom ib tug atlas ntawm tib neeg lub cev, koj paub hais tias nws muaj kwv yees li tib yam duab. Ntawm no, lub siab sawv cev rau pem hauv ntej:

1 - qis hollow Vienna; 2 - nkhaus ligament; 3 - txoj cai lobe; 4 - tshuav lobe; 5 - round ligament; 6 - gallbladder.

Daim duab 4:

Qhov no xam pom tias lub siab nyob rau lwm yam tes. Ib zaug ntxiv, Atlas of Human Anatomy muaj yuav luag tib yam qauv:

1 - gallbladder; 2 - txoj cai lobe; 3 - tshuav lobe; 4 - lub cystic ciav; 5 - hepatic ciav; 6 - hepatic leeg; 7 - hepatic portal Vienna; 8 - cov kua tsib ciav; 9 - qis hollow Vienna.

Daim duab 5:

Qhov no qhia tau hais tias ib tug heev me me ib feem ntawm lub siab. Ib txhia lus qhia: tus xov tooj 7 nyob rau hauv daim duab qhia tau hais tias ib tug triad portal - ib pab pawg neeg uas koom siab ua ke rau hauv lub hepatic portal cov hlab ntsha, hepatic leeg thiab cov kua tsib ciav.

1 - hepatic sinusoid; 2 - mob hlwb; 3 - central Vienna; 4 - mus rau lub hepatic cov hlab ntsha; 5 - cov kua tsib hlab ntsha; 6 - plab hnyuv hlab ntsha; 7 - «triad portal»; 8 -pechenochnaya rooj vag Vienna; 9 - hepatic leeg; 10 - cov kua tsib ciav.

Daim duab 6:

Inscriptions nyob rau hauv lus Askiv txhais li (sab laug mus rau sab xis): txoj cai sab sector, txoj cai paramedian sector, rau sab laug paramedian sector thiab sab laug sab sector. Dawb numerals siab suav theem, txhua tus xov tooj sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub xov tooj ntawm Latin ya:

1 - txoj cai hepatic Vienna; 2 - tshuav hepatic Vienna; 3 - nruab nrab hepatic Vienna; 4 - hlab Vienna (residue); 5 - hepatic ciav; 6 - qis hollow Vienna; 7 - hepatic leeg; 8 - rooj vag Vienna; 9 - cov kua tsib ciav; 10 - lub cystic ciav; 11 - gallbladder.

Lub physiology ntawm lub siab

tib neeg lub siab muaj nuj nqi yog heev ntau haiv neeg: nws fulfills ib tug luag hauj lwm loj nyob rau hauv kev zom thiab cov metabolism hauv, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub cia ntawm cov as-ham.

plab zom mov

Lub siab plays ib tug active lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub digestive txheej txheem los ntawm zus tau tej cov bile. Kua tsib yog ib tug sib tov ntawm dej, ntsev ntawm cov kua tsib acids, cov roj cholesterol thiab bilirubin xim.

Tom qab lub hepatocytes nyob rau hauv lub siab tsim kua tsib, nws kis tau los ntawm cov kua tsib ducts thiab muab cia rau hauv lub gallbladder kom txog rau thaum ces, kom txog thaum tsis xav tau. Thaum cov zaub mov uas muaj roj nce mus txog lub duodenum, duodenal hlwb tsim lub hormone cholecystokinin, uas relaxes lub gallbladder. Kua tsib, tsiv los ntawm cov kua tsib ciav nkag mus rau hauv duodenum, qhov twg loj emulsifies roj loj. Emulsification ntawm cov nqaijrog kua tsib ua loj chunks ntawm rog nyob rau hauv daim me me, uas muaj ib sab deg hauv cheeb tsam thiab yog li ntawd yooj yim rau nqa.

Bilirubin yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov kua tsib, lub siab yog qhov khoom ntawm kev ntawm lub npog ntshav liab. Kupffer hlwb nyob rau hauv lub siab mus caum thiab ua puas lub qub, hnav tawm cov ntshav liab thiab kis rau lawv mus rau lub hepatocytes. Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los txoj hmoo ntawm hemoglobin - nws yog muab faib mus rau hauv pab pawg ntawm cov heme thiab globin. Globin protein ntxiv degraded thiab siv raws li ib tug lub zog qhov chaw rau lub cev. Iron-muaj heme pab pawg neeg yuav tsis tau redesigned lub cev thiab tsuas hloov dua siab tshiab rau bilirubin, uas yog ntxiv rau cov bile. Nws bilirubin muab kua tsib nws txawv ntsuab xim. Plab hnyuv kab mob yog ntxiv hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv bilirubin strekobilin xim av xim uas imparts quav xim av.

metabolism

Siab hepatocytes them nrog ib tug ntau ntawm complex teeb meem hais txog metabolic dab. Txij li thaum tag nrho cov ntshav tawm hauv lub digestive system, kis los ntawm tus hepatic portal cov hlab ntsha, lub siab yog lub luag hauj lwm rau metabolizing carbohydrates, lipids thiab cov proteins nyob rau hauv ib tug biologically pab tau cov ntaub ntawv.

Peb digestive system lov carbohydrates mus rau hauv qab zib monosaccharide uas hlwb yog siv raws li cov thawj lub zog qhov chaw. Cov ntshav uas nkag mus rau hauv lub siab ntawm lub hepatic portal cov hlab ntsha, yog tsis tshua muaj nplua nuj nyob rau hauv qab zib los ntawm nqis zaub mov. Hepatocytes nqus feem ntau ntawm cov piam thaj thiab cia nws raws li glycogen macromolecule, ib tug branched polysaccharide, uas tso cai rau lub siab mus cia loj nyiaj ntawm cov piam thaj thiab sai sai tso nws nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov zaub mov. Lub haum thiab kev tso tawm ntawm zib los ntawm hepatocytes pab tuav homeostasis thiab txo cov ntshav qab zib.

Fatty acids (lipids), ntshav dhau los ntawm lub siab, nqis thiab absorbed los ntawm hepatocytes yuav tsim zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ATP. Glycerol, ib feem ntawm lipid nyob rau hauv hepatocytes hloov zib los ntawm gluconeogenesis txheej txheem. Hepatocytes kuj tsim lipids xws li roj, phospholipids thiab lipoproteins, uas yog siv los ntawm lwm lub hlwb thoob hauv lub cev. Feem ntau ntawm cov roj uas txhaws taus uas ua los ntawm hepatocytes, yog muab tau los ntawm lub cev raws li ib feem ntawm bile.

Kev noj haus proteins uas tawg mus rau hauv amino acids ntawm cov digestive system txawm ua ntej lawv yuav pauv mus rau lub hepatic portal cov hlab ntsha. Cov amino acids uas nkag mus rau hauv lub siab, metabolic yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej lawv yuav tsum tau siv raws li ib tug lub zog qhov chaw. Hepatocytes twb xub muab tshem tawm los ntawm cov amino pab pawg neeg ntawm cov amine thiab hloov nws mus rau hauv ammonia, uas yog thaum kawg hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv urea.

Urea yog tsawg lom tshaj ammonia, thiab tej zaum yuav raug rho tawm nyob rau hauv cov zis raws li ib tug pov tseg cov khoom ntawm digestion. Qhov tshuav ib feem ntawm cov amino acids yog tawg cia rau hauv ATP los yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv tshiab molecules ntawm zib los ntawm gluconeogenesis txheej txheem.

detoxification

Txij li thaum cov ntshav los ntawm cov digestive kabmob kis tau los ntawm cov portal ntawm lub siab ntshav khiav, cov ntshav cov ntsiab lus tswj hepatocytes thiab muab tshem tawm ntau uas tej yam tshuaj lom, ua ntej lawv yuav mus txog tus so ntawm lub cev.

Enzymes nyob rau hauv hepatocytes hloov ntau yam ntawm cov co toxins (xws li, haus dej cawv los yog tshuaj) rau hauv lawv tsaug zog metabolites. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muaj lub theem ntawm cov tshuaj hormones nyob rau hauv lub homeostatic txwv, lub siab kuj metabolizes thiab tshem tawm los ntawm kev tshuaj hormones ua los ntawm cov qog nyob rau hauv lub cev tus kheej.

cia

Siab muab cia ntawm ntau qhov tseem ceeb as-ham, vitamins thiab minerals uas tau los ntawm cov ntshav ntawm cov kis los ntawm qhov hepatic portal system. Qabzib yog thauj nyob rau hauv hepatocytes nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov hormone insulin thiab muab ua lub polysaccharide glycogen. Hepatocytes kuj nqus thiab fatty acids ntawm cov triglyceride noj. Cia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tso cai rau lub siab kom muaj homeostasis ntawm zib nyob rau hauv cov ntshav.

Peb lub siab tseem khw muag khoom vitamins thiab minerals (vitamins A, D, E, K thiab B 12, thiab minerals hlau thiab tooj liab) nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xyuas kom meej ib qhov txaus ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb tshuaj rau lub cev nqaij.

ntau lawm

Lub siab yog lub luag hauj lwm rau ua ib tug xov tooj uas tseem ceeb heev protein Cheebtsam ntawm cov ntshav ntshav: prothrombin, fibrinogen thiab albumin. Prothrombin thiab fibrinogen cov nqaijrog yog coagulation yam muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov ntshav txhaws. Albumins yog proteins uas muaj ntshav isotonic nruab nrab thiaj li hais tias lub cev hlwb tsis tau los yog poob dej nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lub cev.

kev tiv thaiv

Lub siab zog li lub cev tsis muaj zog los ntawm cov kev ua ntawm Kupffer hlwb. Kupffer hlwb yog macrophages, mononuclear phagocytes txoj kev ib feem ntawm lub cev nrog rau cov macrophages ntawm tus po thiab cov qog ntshav. Kupffer hlwb ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm, raws li ua kab mob, fungi, parasites, hnav-tawm cov ntshav liab thiab cellular khib nyiab.

Ultrasound siab: cai thiab sib txawv

Lub siab ua ntau yam tseem ceeb functions nyob rau hauv peb lub cev, ces nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas nws yeej ib txwm tau lub cai. Muab qhov tseeb hais tias lub siab yuav tsis tau muaj mob, vim hais tias nws twb tsis muaj paj txoj, koj yuav tsis pom yuav ua li cas qhov teeb meem no yog tsis cia siab. Nws yuav tsuas zom, maj mam, tab sis hais tias nyob rau hauv lub kawg nws yuav tau tsis yooj yim sua kom kho tau.

Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm daim siab kab mob nyob rau hauv uas koj tsis txawm xav tias muaj ib yam dab tsi irreparable. Tus txiv neej yuav nyob ib lub sij hawm ntev thiab xav txog koj tus kheej noj qab nyob zoo, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub kawg nws hloov tawm hais tias nws muaj mob npuas paug los yog lub siab ua cancer. Thiab qhov no yuav tsis hloov.

Txawm tias lub siab thiab muaj cov cuab yeej rau rov qab, nws nws tus kheej yeej tsis paub daws nrog xws li cov kab mob. Tej zaum nws yuav tsum tau koj kev pab.

Kom tsis txhob puas muaj teeb meem, tej zaum kuj cia li txaus mus xyuas ib tug kws kho mob thiab ua ultrasound ntawm lub siab, tus nqi ntawm uas yog tau piav rau hauv qab no. Nco ntsoov hais tias lub siab nrog cov feem ntau txaus ntshai kab mob xws li kab mob siab, hais tias tsis muaj kev kho mob yuav ua rau lub sij hawm loj pathologies xws li mob npuas paug thiab mob cancer.

Tam sim no wb mus ncaj qha mus rau lub US thiab nws cov kev cai. Tus thawj kws muaj txuj zoo saib yog hais tias tus siab yog dab tsi thiab nws loj yog pab txhawb.

Lub caij nyoog loj ntawm lub siab yuav tsis muab teev raws li ib tug tag nrho pom lub cev tsis yooj yim sua. tag nrho lub cev ntev yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 18 cm. Cov kws kho mob kho txhua feem nyias siab.

Peb pib nrog lub fact tias lub siab ultrasound yuav tsum kom meej meej pom ob ntawm nws qhia, raws li zoo raws li lub sectors uas lawv raug muab faib. Nyob rau tib lub ligaments (uas yog, tag nrho cov ligaments) yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav pom. Txoj kev tshawb no tso cai cov kws kho mob kawm tag nrho yim feem nyias, txij li thaum lawv, dhau lawm, muaj peev xwm muab tau yooj yim pom.

Cai qhov ntev ntawm txoj cai thiab sab laug lobe

Rau sab laug lobe yuav tsum txog 7 cm nyob rau hauv thickness thiab txog 10 cm nyob rau hauv qhov siab. Ua qhov luaj li cas hais txog kev teeb meem tejzaum hais tias koj muaj o ntawm lub siab. Txoj cai lobe, uas yog tus nqi - txog 12 cm nyob rau hauv thickness thiab mus txog rau 15 cm nyob rau hauv ntev, raws li koj tau pom ntau npaum li cas sab laug.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub cev, cov kws kho mob yuav tsum saib xyuas thiab cov kua tsib duct, raws li zoo raws li loj cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub siab. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov kua tsib duct, piv txwv li, yuav tsum tsis ntau tshaj 8 hli, portal Vienna - txog 12 hli thiab lub hollow Vienna - 15 hli.

Rau cov kws kho mob yog tsis tsuas cov kabmob ntawm cov qhov ntev, tab sis kuj nws cov qauv, lub cev nkhaus thiab cov ntaub so ntswg.

Tib neeg lub cev (daim siab, uas yog ib tug heev hloov) - ib tug heev fascinating tshaj plaws. Muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi ntau nthuav tshaj kom to taub cov qauv nws tus kheej. Tej zaum nws yuav txawm txuag koj ntawm pliaj kab mob. Thiab yog hais tias koj yog ceeb toom, cov teeb meem yuav zam tau. Txawv tebchaws mus rau kws kho mob - nws tsis yog raws li scary li no mas. Nyob twj ywm noj qab nyob zoo!