Topographical tej yam tshwm sim - tsiaj ntawv phaib

Yuav kom txhais zwj ceeb topographical tej yam tshwm sim uas siv los ntawm maps ntawm geographic nta thiab feem ntau tseem ceeb ntawm tus struts. Qhov no graphics ntawm ib tug me me, zoo lawm thiab nqaij daim tawv, uas tsis txawv nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv lub teb chaws ntawm cov ntawv teev lus. Qhov no yog qhov ABC card, tsis muaj uas nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom paub yuav ua li cas rau next tus struts.

Topographical cim kis qhov chaw, loj, me, zoo, interconnections ntawm txawv teb khoom, raws li zoo raws li lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntau thiab zoo indicators, As. Nyob ntawm seb qhov xwm ntawm tus tso tawm cov khoom yog muab faib mus rau hauv loj-scale thiab scaleless. Thawj siv los xa mus rau cov khoom uas loj yuav tsum tau txiav txim los ntawm hauv daim ntawv qhia (loj pas dej, thaj chaw, forests, thiab lwm yam). Nrog kev pab los ntawm lub thib ob qhia tau hais tias lub zos khoom, me me luaj li cas thiab yog tsis hais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia teev (springs, kev siv ntawm ntauwd hom, cov qhov dej, thiab ntau yam ntxiv).

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov cim ntawm topographic maps raug muab faib ua plaub hom: areal, kab, teev thiab explanatory.

Areal sawv cev rau koom, forests, marshes, liaj teb thiab lwm yam hauv zos tej yam khoom uas nyob loj cheeb tsam. Cov cim muaj circuits thiab explanatory designations sau nkhaus (uas tej zaum yuav ua tau ib tug tom qab coloring, shading los yog zoo tib yam icons ntxaij). Tag nrho areal cim yog nquag.

Tawm topographical cim siv rau txoj kev dluab ntawm me me dej ntws thiab ntws, roj thiab cov nkev pipelines, kev sib txuas lus thiab lwm cov chaw uas muaj ib tug scale tso tawm tsuas ntev. Ib tug tshwj xeeb qeb ntawm linear tias yog contour kab txuas cov ntsiab lus muaj tib lub qhov siab theem, qhov tob los yog lwm yam tseem ceeb. Cov muaj xws li cov kab rov tav thiab uas yog npaj los sawv cev rau lub struts. Feem ntau ntawm cov cim hais txog linear scaleless.

Hnov qhov cim yog tseem tawm ntawm scale thiab yog npaj rau cov duab ib tug neeg lug (txuas hniav, lub koom txoos, yees, tsev, fais fab nroj tsuag), dej thiab lwm yam taw tes-zoo li tej khoom.

Explanatory topographical tej yam tshwm sim muab cov lus qhia ntxiv txog lub mapped khoom. Qhov no yog cov kev taw qhia ntawm tus dej ntws, hav zoov yam ntxwv, lub dav ntawm txoj kev thiab cov txuas hniav, cov npe ntawm settlements, ridges thiab peaks, cov niam dej, cov pas dej thiab cov zoo li.

luam nyob rau hauv cov xim, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas uas tus duab cheeb tsam no yog muab faib mus rau hauv ib tug neeg hais los txhim kho lub readability ntawm hauv daim ntawv qhia. cim yog tib yam xim rau cov ntawv teev lus ntawm tag nrho cov ntau thiab tsawg thiab, raws li ib tug txoj cai, sib haum mus rau hauv lub tiag tiag xim ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub warmer lub hlis. Nyob rau tag nrho cov ntawv nyob rau hauv dub depicting ntau yam vaj tse, lug, unpaved txoj kev, kev sib txuas lus, ciam teb, thiab hais txog. D. Brown yog qhia struts thiab nws tus yam ntxwv, raws li zoo raws li cov xuab zeb thiab takyrs. Blue - cov xim ntawm cov dej thiab tag nrho cov Hydrographic khoom, raws li zoo raws li lawv muaj feem tau tus kos npe. Turquoise xim yog npaj yuav qhia tau cov dej hauv cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub ntsuab - rau duab nroj tsuag. Ntshav xws ciam teb rau lwm thiab txiv kab ntxwv - txoj kev loj blocks ntawm kev koom nrog ib tug kub ceev txoj kev loj hlob (ntawm ib tug scale of 1: 25,000 thiab 1: 50,000) thiab loj-qhov loj qhov me lub zos (nrog ib tug scale of 1: 100,000).

Tiav zaub ntawm thaj yam khoom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia nyob rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub teb chaws thiab xaiv scale. Loj-scale maps ntau ntau ncauj lus kom ntxaws, lawv yog sawv cev los ntawm cais tej khoom (xws li, nyob rau hauv tsev), thaum nyob rau lub me me-scale maps ntawm cov khoom ua ke rau hauv ib tug tsev (piv txwv li, ib tug peb lub hlis twg los yog ib tug tag nrho lub nroog).

Thaum kawm tau mus nyeem topographical tej yam tshwm sim, koj yuav tsis tau tsuas yog ntse next tej roob hav, tab sis kuj yuav siv daim card los pab nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm, kev kawm thiab muaj ntau yam lwm qhov chaw.