Tuam Tshoj: Convention 1876

Chifuskuyu kos npe rau convention nyob rau hauv 1876, Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub pab thiab cov lus qhib ntawm plaub tug tshiab ports pom zoo rau cov creation ntawm qhib ports nyob rau hauv lub mixed Suav-txawv teb chaws hais plaub ntug cov tub ceev xwm tso tseg lub imposition ntawm cov se rau mas cov khoom. Guangxu huab tais (Tsai Tien) pom zoo yuav nkag mus rau ntawm tag nrho cov txais nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob, cov cai thiab cov cai ntawm diplomats thiab tso cai rau British mus pauv los ntawm Burma rau Yus Nas xeev. Yog li, lub system "niam - colonies thiab semi-zos" tau ua nyob rau hauv lub ruins ntawm lub system "Celestial - tributaries."

Nws tus kheej ib tug tribute system txuas ntxiv mus ua ntev tom qab tus "opium" kev tsov kev rog. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XIX caug xyoo. Beijing los ntawm lub sij hawm rau lub sij hawm txuas ntxiv mus txog "tributary" lub hom phiaj nrog nyob ib cheeb tsam, thiab los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Asia, txawm lub fact tias Tuam Tshoj tau ua tus kwv uas capitalist thiab colonial ua nruj ua tsiv, thiab tom qab ntawd hwv division. Tuam Tshoj: Convention 1876 ...

Txawm li cas los, txawm nrog lub ceev ceev cev qhuav dej ntawm lub 70-80-ies ntawm XIX caug xyoo. "Suav ntiaj teb no thiaj" thiab cov transformation ntawm nag hmo lub suav tributaries nyob rau hauv lub zos thiab semi-colonies ntawm lub capitalist West Beijing lub rulers tau sim kom lub qub tribute system. Tus nres hais thiab Fabkis mus rau Tuam Tshoj twb pom nyob rau hauv Beijing raws li ib tug "revolt ntawm lub barbarians" tsis nco qab lawm "deference" rau Leej Tub ntawm Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej. Cov tshiab "western barbarians" yuav tsum "sib cav lawm" los yog "rau txim" raws li cov laus neeg Esxias tributaries. Suav huab tais tiv thaiv nrog lawv sib npaug, thiab cov "dosed" (e.g., "English rioters"). Bogdyhana twb tsis muaj sib npaug thiab pom tau hais tias nws tsis muaj nqi mus rau teb rau cov lus ntawm European hau ntawm lub xeev. Cuaj kaum, kev sib raug zoo nrog powers nyob rau hauv 1861 tau tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb tsev kawm ntawv thiab yuav luag txoj kev Western diplomat twb thawm xyoo abolished nyob rau hauv 1873.

Tom qab tuav nyob rau hauv Beijing tom qab 1860 yog tsis kawm paub cai zov ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev raws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Tuam Tshoj sib npaug zos lub teb chaws, tab sis raws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tributary lub teb chaws. Kom txog rau thaum 1873 lawv twb tsis tso cai rau kev nthuav qhia ntawm nws lub peev xwm. Thaum lub ambassadors ua no ceremony, qhov chaw kawg nyob rau hauv lub nrog qhov twg lub huab tais feem ntau coj tributaries los yog lawv sawv cev, yog li txog tus "loj leeb" cov xwm txheej ntawm cov Western powers-lobediteley.

Tuam Tshoj: Convention 1876