Tug hauj tus tswv tsev: npe, cult tseem ceeb. Kab lis kev cai ntawm Haujsam

Txij puag thaum ub, txhua haiv neeg muaj kev tshwj tseg kev cai raus tes thiab cov chaw tshwj xeeb rau lawv. Cov neeg tuaj mus rau qhov ntxa ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv, them nyiaj rau lawv. Nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg, tom qab kev tuag ntawm ib tug neeg nto moo, ib lub pov tseg tau muab faus rau nws faus kom cov xeeb ntxwv tuaj mus rau qhov chaw thiab hneev rau nws, recalling tus achievements ntawm tus neeg faus ntawm no. Hauv Is Nrias teb, txoj hauj lwm no yog ua los ntawm tug hauj sam stupa. Peb xav kom koj paub nws zoo dua. Tom qab koj nyeem cov lus no, koj yuav kawm tau tias cov xibfwb ntawm tus tswv, qhov chaw dawb huv thiab lub povtseg muaj feem xyuam nrog cov ntsiab lus. Tsis tas li ntawd peb yuav qhia txog feem ntsaum monuments ntawm Buddhism, txuas nrog tus tsim ntawm cov lus qhia no.

Thawj tus tsho

Nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, thawj tus neeg khaus tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv pre-Buddhist lub sij hawm. Keeb kwm lawv monuments, uas nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb thaum ub tau muab tso rau hauv qhov ntxa ntawm rulers. Lo lus "stupa" yog ntawm Sanskrit keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv txhais lus nws txhais tau hais tias "crown", "knot los ntawm cov plaub hau", "ib pawg ntawm pob zeb thiab lub ntiaj teb" los yog "sab nraub ntawm lub taub hau". Cov kev lig kev cai ntawm kev tsim kev puas tsuaj raug coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd tsis muaj kev faus rau hauv kev xav li ib txwm ntawm lo lus. Tsuas yog cov tsis tshua muaj tsho lossis tshauv yuav tsum tau khaws cia. Nws yog nyob rau hauv stupas tias lawv tso dab tsi lawm tom qab cremation.

Reliquaries

Tom qab ib ntus, tus stupas tau txais kev txhawb nqa, uas qhov tseem ntawm cov neeg muaj koob pheej ntawm sab ntsuj plig raug tuav tseg. Lawv tau pib tsim tsa thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Buddha kuj nyob rau hauv nws cov kev hwm. Piv txwv li, Stupa ntawm lotus tau tsim los ntawm nws txiv, Vaj ntxwv Suddhodana, hauv Nepal (hauv Lumbini, qhov twg Buddha tau yug los) thaum nws tas sim neej. Nws muaj ib tug cylindrical duab nrog xya los yog plaub theem ntawm lotuses.

Ib co stupas uas tau tsim nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub Buddha tseem hais nyob rau hauv cov ntawv. Peb tab tom tham txog plaub tus kws kho mob. Cov tub lag luam ntawm Tappus thiab Bhalika ua ob qho ntawm lawv cov plaub hau thiab cov xibfwb cov ntawv. Tib tug hauj sam stupa yog tsim los ntawm Anathapindaka. Lwm tus paub, uas nws tseem ua rau sab seem ntawm Shariputra.

Stupa yog ib qho khoom rau kev fij rau

Hauj sam xav kom tus stupa los ua nws lub tsho tom qab nws tawm mus. Nws muab cov ntsiab lus no txhais ua lub ntsiab lus tshiab. Henceforth, tus stupa yog suav tias yog ib yam khoom rau cov nyiaj tau los ntawm Buddha xwm, uas yog lub cim ntawm lub siab ntawm Buddha. Nws ntseeg tias thaum ua kev cai, cov neeg muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo. Maj mam qhib qhov Buddha-xwm nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej ntau thiab thaum kawg lawv tuaj rau kev pom kev, mus rau qhov kawg ntawm kev zoo siab.

Qhov ntau ntawm stupas nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm

Tam sim no, reliquaries tsis yog tag nrho cov neeg phem, tsis tag nrho lawv muaj nyob nrog lub cev. Hauv qhov chaw khaws tshuaj mas feem ntau tsuas yog ib feem ntawm qhov seem, uas tsis tuaj yeem hu ua faus. Nws kuj tseem muaj cov ntawv dawb ceev los yog khoom siv, cov ris tsho ntawm ib tus xib fwb qhia ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv stupa tej zaum yuav tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam txhua. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws tsuas yog ua ib qho chaw ntawm lub chaw nco, tsim nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov txheej xwm tseem ceeb uas cim Buddhism. Nws tsis yog yooj yim los tham luv luv txog stupas. Muaj ntau hom. Ua hauv kev hawm ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb, stupas hu ua memorial. Lawv tuaj yeem raug tsa los ntawm kev cog lus tseg. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav kuaj xyuas cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tau tsim los ntawm kev qhuas ntawm Buddha. Lawv yog cov qub tshaj.

8 reliquary stupas

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Haujsam, qhov xwm txheej uas tseem nyob tom qab nws lub txaj muag ntseeg tau muab faib ua 8 qhov chaw. Lawv tau muab tso rau hauv 8 lub pob zeb, nyob rau ntau qhov chaw hauv Is Nrias teb, nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas tau txuam nrog lub neej ntawm ib tus xib fwb zoo tshaj qhia Buddhism. Qhia me ntsis txog lawv txhua tus.

King Magadhi Ajatashatru ua ib qho ntawm Rajgir, shakya hauv Kapilavastu, lichkhavi hauv Vaishali, nyob rau hauv Ramagram, Buli nyob rau hauv Allakapa, mallah hauv Pava. Nyob rau hauv Kushinagara, lwm ceg ntawm Mullah ua ib tug neeg phem, thiab ib tug Brahmana ntawm Wetthapida ua nws hauv nws hometown. Cov no yog cov 8 stupas nyob rau hauv uas qhov seem ntawm tus Buddha yog. Lawv raug hu ua tus kws kho mob zoo heev.

4 qhov chaw ntawm pilgrimage, xaiv los ntawm Buddha

Tseem muaj ntau yam xws li "8 qhov chaw pilgrimage" thiab "8 sutric steps" lossis "8 cov kauj ruam ntawm Tathagata". Lawv muaj feem xyuam rau lub neej ntawm Tathagata, uas yog, Buddha Shakyamuni. Hauj sam nws tus kheej tau xaiv 4 qhov chaw ntawm txoj kev mus rau nws lub neej. Nyob rau hauv thawj ntawm lawv nws yug, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob nws attained enlightenment, nyob rau hauv lub thib peb nws muab thawj cov lus qhia, nyob rau hauv plaub nws mus parinirvana. Cov chaw no yog cov uas tau pom los ntawm Lumbini (Kapilavastu), Bodhgaya, Sarnath thiab Kushinagara, feem.

Plaub tug tseem ceeb tshaj

Nyob rau hauv Lumbini, tus Lotus Stupa tau tsim, uas yog King Suddhodana (leej txiv ntawm Buddha) tau tsim nws lub neej. Lub ntsiab ntawm nws nyob rau hauv cov duab yog ib tug lotus. Nws cim lub hnub yug ntawm Buddha.

Nyob rau hauv Bodhgae, lub Stupa ntawm Enlightenment yog tsa, lwm yam - kov yeej tej kev obstacles. Nws tus creator yog Dharma-King ntawm Bimbisar. Qhov no stupa twb tsa tom qab lub enlightenment ntawm lub Tathagata. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm yim, symbolizing lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev ua hauj lwm Buddhist - tag nrho cov kev enlightenment, paub txog ib lub siab. Cov duab no kuj yog ib lub cim ntawm kev sib nrauj tag nrho cov lus nug thiab kev tsis sib haum.

Lub stupa ntawm kev txawj ntse (los yog 16 rooj vag) tau ua nyob hauv Sarnath. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no, Tathagata muab nws thawj cov lus qhia, uas raug hu ua "Plaub Noble Truths."

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas tus xib fwb tau sab laug, hauv Kushinagar, lub Stupa parinirvana tau ua. Lub ntsiab ntawm nws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv yog ib lub tswb, uas txhais tau hais tias lub tswv yim zoo meej ntawm Buddha. Daim ntawv no qhia txog kev tshem tawm mus rau parinirvana.

Plaub (stupas) txuam nrog txuj ci tseem ceeb

Rau saum toj no 4 qhov chaw ntawm pilgrimage tau ntxiv 4 ntau tshaj, kev cob cog nrog miracles, uas Ua Hauj sam ua. Cov no yog Vaishali, Sankasya (Shinkashi), Shravasti thiab Rajgir. Nyob rau hauv lub yav tas, lub Buddha pacified lub ntxhw ntxhw. Tus tsiaj raug xa mus rau nws los ntawm Devadatta, nws tus kwv tij txheeb ze.

Lub Buddhist Stupa ntawm kev sib sau, los yog kev sib haum xeeb, tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm sangha. Ntawm no, tom qab ncaim ntawm Haujsam, Thawj Pawg Haujsam Council tau coj qhov chaw. On nws raug kaw cov ntawv ntawm Vinaya thiab Sutras.

Lub Stupa of Wonders tau ua nyob rau hauv Shravasti hauv kev hwm ntawm yeej lub yeej los ntawm Buddha tshaj rau 6 tus xib fwb nyob rau hauv lub Jetavan Grove, uas nws tau nthuav tawm los ntawm lub lag luam Anathapindaka. Cov xib fwb tau ua raws li kev pom tsis tseeb. Hauj sam pom ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb dua. Nws tau nce mus rau saum huab cua, qhov chaw uas nws tso tawm ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws xob thiab cov dav hlau dej tib lub sijhawm, thiab tom qab ntawd, zaum saum lub thawv, tau qhia rau lawv nyob saum ntuj los ntawm cov Buddhas. Cov duab no tau tsa los ntawm ib qho Lisabi.

Nyob rau hauv Shinkashi, tus Stupa ntawm lub convergence ntawm Tushita ntawm lub ceeb tsheej yog ua. Buddha Shakyamuni rov qab ua qhov kev xyaum ua los ntawm cov Haujsam ua ntej. Raws li nws, nws tau nce mus rau Lub Cuab Tshaj ntawm Tushita. Qhov no Buddha tau qhia txog abhidharma ntawm tus niam tuag, thiab cov 33 deities nrog lawv cov retinue. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau nqis los rau hauv av nrog lub qhov chaw zoo kawg nkaus uas nws tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg Axilas thiab Brahma. Lub cim ntawm lub convergence yog cov kauj ruam heev heev ntawm lub monument.

Lub stupa ntawm lub zoo meej yeej sawv nyob rau hauv Vaishali. Ntawm no nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm Buddha, qhov mob plague devastated lub nroog. Nws tswj tau nws. Qhov no ua hauj lwm aroused kev hlub thiab kev hwm ntawm cov neeg hauv zos. Thaum nws rov xyuas Vaishali, cov liab tau nce lub pas dej rau Buddha, thiab tseem muaj tus xib fwb zib ntab. Ntawm qhov chaw no tau siv los ua ib qho kev loj hlob ntawm mango, uas lub tsev Ameskas Amrapali tau muab rau Buddha. Ntawm no nws tshaj tawm rau cov thwj tim hais tias nws yuav sai sai no tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv thov kom nws tsis txhob cia lawv. Lub Buddha tau ncua nws lub neej mus rau peb lub hlis, yog li tua defying tuag thiab lub sijhawm.

Sib txawv npe thiab cov chaw ntawm stupas

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov chaw ntawm kev sib ntsib saum toj no, thiab cov stupas uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lawv, tsuas yog ib qho sib tshooj nrog cov txwj laus uas raug xa mus rau hauv Mahaparinirvana Sutra. Nyob rau hauv cov kev pab Tibetan muaj ntau lub npe ntawm cov neeg ntawm lawv uas muaj feem rau lub neej ntawm tus Buddha. Tsis tas li, lawv cov chaw kuj sib txawv. Feem ntau yuav tshwm sim, cov npe no tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov ncauj ntawm qhov ncauj. Lawv txuas nrog cov kev cai coj ntawm cov kev taug mus rau cov chaw nco. Ntawm ntau lub sij hawm, ntau tus neeg tseem ceeb yog tsim nyob hauv cov chaw no. Piv txwv li, hauv Sarnath, lub ruins ntawm ob peb ntawm lawv tau dim hnub no. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov twg ntawm Ob-Dhamekh los yog Dharmaraja - tau tsa rau ntawm qhov chaw uas Buddha tau muab cov kev qhia thawj zaug.

Lub yim cov lus qhia

Muaj ib lub tswv yim hais tias lub tswv yim ntawm "8 cov kauj ruam ntawm lub Tathagata" yog ib tug tsis xav ntawm lub neej ntawm tej meej monuments, tab sis tsuas yog tso cai rau correlate cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm Buddha lub neej nrog cov chaw uas muaj ntau monuments ntawm Buddhism. Hauv kev lig kev cai ntawm Tibetan, yog li ntawd, muaj ib pawg ntawm cov me nyuam qib kaum ob tuaj, uas txawv ntawm cov vaj tse lus ntawm txhua tus.

Stupas nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb thiab dhau los

Tag nrho cov saum toj no hais qhov chaw ntawm pilgrimage, zoo li kuj zoo kawg relupt stupas muaj nyob rau hauv Northern India. Nws nyob ntawm no tias Buddha nyob thiab nthuav nws cov lus qhia. Tom qab hauv 3 c. BC. E. Cov chaw no tau mus xyuas los ntawm huab tais Ashoka, cov kev sib ntsib ntawm no nrhiav tau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Tom qab ntawd, Ashoka txhim tsa ntau ntau tus thoob plaws Is Nrias teb. Cov laus tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg uas tau tuag rau hnub no yog Bharhut thiab Sanchi (Is Nrias teb), zoo li hauv Nepal thiab Patan. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau tsa nyob rau hauv Gandhara (thaj tsam ntawm niaj hnub niaj hnub no Afghanistan thiab Pakistan).

Lub stupa hauv Sanchi, tus yees duab uas tau nthuav tawm saum no, yog ob peb kilometres ntawm lub nroog Bhopal. Nws suav hais tias yog qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tse ntawm Is Nrias teb, khaws cia rau hauv peb lub sij hawm thiab cuam tshuam rau Buddhism. Lub stupa nyob rau hauv Sanchi muaj ib tug hemispherical duab. Nws tsis muaj chav tsev nyob. Qhov stupa no nyob rau ntawm ib lub voj voog yas, nws kab yog 31 m. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib qho chaw rau ntawm kab lis kev cai uas muaj yav dhau los.

Lub stupa ntawm Borobudur tseem yog nthuav. Borobudur yog lub tuam tsev thij ob ntawm Buddhism, uas tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm 7th-9th centuries. (Daim duab no yog nthuav tawm saum toj no). Nws yog txog. Java, 50 km ntawm lub nroog ntawm Yogyakarta (Indonesia). Borobudur yog thaj chaw tshaj tawm ntawm lub tebchaws no. Lub tuam tsev no, tsis zoo li lwm tus tau tsa saum ib qho chaw tiaj tus, tau ua rau saum roob. Raws li ib yam ntawm cov versions, nws yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub pas dej. Muaj ib txoj kev xav raws li Borobudur, tau pom nyob rau hauv nws daim iav zoo li lub ntsej muag, cim lub paj pob paj. Yuav luag txhua txhua ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab txog Buddhism, pom lub qhaus paj. Buddha feem ntau zaum saum lub zwm txwv, uas zoo li lub paj tawg paj. Nyob rau lub stupas ntawm Borobudur, thiab ntau lwm cov tuam tsev, cov petals ntawm no nroj tsuag yog pom.

Raws li koj tau pom, tsis yog nyob hauv Is Nrias teb stupas tau ua xwb. Tsis xav li, vim hais tias kev ntseeg ntawm Buddhism yog thoob plaws txhua qhov. Hauv peb lub teb chaws, los ntawm txoj kev, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau lawv. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog stupa ntawm Longsal. Nws tau ua tsis ntev los no, thaum lub Kaum Hlis 2012. Qhov no tus neeg ua haujlwm stupa nyob hauv plawv ntawm Izhevsk, tsis deb ntawm Karlutskaya Square.