Yuav ua li cas yog ammonia? Formula zog thiab ammonia

Ammonia - compound yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhov chaw ntawm nitrogen rau muaj sia nyob, thiab tau pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries. Yuav ua li cas yog ammonia, dab tsi yog nws cov khoom? Wb fim nws.

Yuav ua li cas yog ammonia: yooj yim yam ntxwv

Ammonia (nitride conduit) - compound ntawm nitrogen nrog hydrogen, muaj cov tshuaj mis NH _3. Tus duab ntawm tus molecule tsa ib tug trigonal pyramid, lub kab los sib ntsib uas yog ib tug nitrogen atom.

Ammonia yog ib cov roj muaj tsis muaj xim, tab sis muaj ib txog kev ntse tsw. ammonia ceev yog yuav luag ob lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li cov kev ceev ntawm huab cua. Thaum ib tug kub ntawm 15 ^o C nws yog 0,73 kg / m ^3. Ceev cov kua ammonia nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob yog 686 kg / m ^3. Lub molecular ceeb thawj ntawm lub substance - 17,2 g / tus nas. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm ammonia yog nws cov high solubility nyob rau hauv cov dej. Yog li, thaum ib tug kub ntawm 0 ° C nws nce mus txog ib tug nqi ntawm txog 1200 tagnrho nyob rau hauv ib tug ntim ntawm dej nyob rau hauv 20 ° C - 700 tagnrho. Ib tug tov ntawm "ammonia - dej" (ammonia dej) muaj ib tug me ntsis alkaline ras txog thiab haum cim vaj tse piv rau lwm yam alkalis: nrog ua concentration ntawm kev ceev yog txo.

Yuav ua li cas rau tsim ammonia?

Yuav ua li cas yog ammonia nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev? Nws yog qhov kawg khoom ntawm nitrogen metabolism. Ib tug loj ib feem ntawm lub siab yuav hloov urea (carbamide) - tsawg lom tshuaj.

Ammonia nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso puag ncig tsim los ntawm cov decomposition ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas muaj nitrogen. Rau siv nyob rau hauv lub lag luam yog ib yam khoom uas tau synthetically.

Kev npaj ntawm ammonia nyob rau hauv industrial thiab kuaj tej yam kev mob

Industrially ammonia los ntawm catalytic synthesis ntawm nitrogen thiab hydrogen:

N ₂ + 3H ₂ → 2NH3 + Q.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm muab cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog nqa tawm ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 500 ° C thiab ib tug siab ntawm 350 atm. Raws li siv ntxeem tau hlau catalyst. Cov uas ua ammonia yog muab tshem tawm los ntawm txias. Nitrogen thiab hydrogen uas tsis hnov mob yog xa rov qab mus rau lub synthesis.

Nyob rau hauv laboratory tej yam kev mob, ammonia twb npaj yeej tseem zoo los ntawm tsis muaj zog cua sov ib tug sib tov muaj raws ntawm ammonium tshuaj dawb thiab hydrated txiv qaub:

2NH ₄ Cl + Ca (OH) ₂ → CaCl ₂ + 2NH ₃ ↑ + 2H ₂ O.

Npaj rau txhuav compound yog dhau los ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm txiv qaub thiab sodium hydroxide. Txaus qhuav ammonia yuav tsum npaj kom txhij los ntawm dissolving sodium hlau nyob rau ntawd thiab tom ntej distillation.

Qhov twg ammonia yog siv?

hydrogen nitride yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries. Lossis loj nyiaj ntawm nws yog siv rau cov zus tau tej cov nitric acid thiab ntau yam chiv (urea, ammonium nitrate, thiab lwm yam), polymers, hydrocyanic acid, sodium, ammonium ntsev, thiab lwm yam kev tshuaj ntau lawm.

Nyob rau hauv lub teeb kev lag luam thaj chaw ntawm ammonia siv rau tu thiab tseg xws fabrics li txhob lo lo ntxhuav, tsiaj thiab paj rwb. Nyob rau hauv lub steel kev lag luam, nws yog siv los ua rau kom cov hardness steel los ntawm saturation nrog nto khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg nrog nitrogen. Nyob rau hauv lub petrochemical kev lag luam siv hydrogen nitride neutralized acidic twj.

Vim lawv thermodynamic zog, kua ammonia yog siv raws li ib tug refrigerant nyob rau hauv tub yees khoom.

Ib tug tov ntawm hydrogen nitride (ammonia) yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj rau tus ntsoos ntsoos ntawm syncope, ntuav stimulation, rau kev kho mob ntawm kev kho mob cov neeg ua haujlwm txhais tes, kab tom, thiab li ntawd.

Ib txhia tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm ammonia

Nitride hydrogen yus muaj los ntawm ib tug kuj muaj tshuaj kev ua si thiab muaj peev xwm hnov mob nrog rau ntau cov tshuaj.

Thaum ammonia reacts nrog acids muab lub sib nug xov ammonium ntsev. Yog li, piv txwv li, los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog nitric acid yog tsim ammonium nitrate :

NH ₃ + HNO ₃ → NH ₄ TSIS _3.

Thaum interacting nrog cov HCl tsim ammonium tshuaj dawb:

NH ₃ + HCl → NH ₄ Cl.

Ammonium ntsev yog khoom crystalline tshuaj, decomposing nyob rau hauv dej thiab muaj lub zog xam qhovkev rau hlau salts. Solutions ntawm lub tebchaw tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ammonia thiab muaj zog acids muaj ib tug me ntsis acid cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Vim lub nitrogen atom yog ib tug active hydrogen nitride reductant. Txo thaj chaw ntawm nws tshwm sim thaum rhuab. Thaum hlawv nyob rau hauv ib tug pa cua, nws cov ntaub ntawv ib tug nitrogen thiab dej. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts reacting nrog rau oxygen muab ib tug nitrogen oxide. Nitride hydrogen muaj peev xwm rov qab co ntawm oxides.

Halides los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ammonia tsim nitrogen halides - txaus ntshai explosives. Los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog carboxylic acids thiab lawv derivatives nitride hydrogen daim ntawv amides. Nyob rau hauv tshua nrog thee (ntawm 1000 ° C) thiab methane nws muab prussic acid.

Txij li thaum hlau ions txoj kev amino ceg, ammonia, ammoniates los yog (complex compound) muaj ib tug yam ntxwv feature: lub nitrogen atom yog yeej ib txwm sib raug zoo rau peb hydrogen atoms. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev hloov coloring tshuaj. Yog li, piv txwv li, xiav tshuaj ntawm tooj liab sulphate nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm hydrogen nitride acquires ib tug mob siab heev xiav-liab doog xim. Muaj ntau ntawm cov amino ceg muaj txaus stability. Vim li no lawv yuav tsum npaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom daim ntawv.

Cov kua ammonia yog zoo soluble ob ionic thiab uas tsis yog-polar organic thiab inorganic tebchaw.

Chaw khaws khib nyiab yam ntxwv

Ammonia belongs rau lub plaub chav kawm ntawv ntawm teeb meem. Maximum pub nyiaj pab ntau tshaj ib-lub sij hawm concentration (MAC) nyob rau hauv cov huab cua koom yog 0.2 mg / m ^3, qhov nruab nrab - 0,04. Nyob rau hauv cov ua hauj lwm cheeb tsam huab cua ammonia cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj ntau tshaj li 20 mg / m³. Thaum muaj tej ntawd ntau tsw yam khoom uas yog tsis xav. Taag tib neeg olfaction nws pib thaum 37 mg / m³. Uas yog, yog tias ammonia tsw muaj, uas txhais tau tias permissible txwv plav nrhiav ho zoo tshaj.

Cov nyhuv rau tib neeg lub cev

Yuav ua li cas yog ammonia nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tib neeg raug tus kab mob? Nws toxicant. Nws yog hais txog ib yam khoom uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm exerting suffocating thiab neurotropic txiav txim, nqus tau pa lom uas yuav ua tau kom koj muaj teebmeem kev edema thiab kev puas tsuaj rau lub paj hlwb.

Ammonia vapors irritating nyhuv ntawm daim tawv nqaij, lub qog ua kua week ntawm lub qhov muag thiab ua pa kabmob. Lub concentration ntawm tshuaj uas manifests caj pas voos, yog 280 mg rau ib cc. meter qhov muag - 490 mg rau ib cubic meters. 'meter'. Nyob ntawm seb tus nqi ntawm cov hydrogen nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nitride yuav tshwm sim mob caj pas, ua hauj lwm ua tsis taus pa, hnoos, qhov muag mob, ntev li lacrimation, tshuaj hlawv ntawm cornea, tsis pom kev. Thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm ammonia ntawm 1.5 g ib cu. 'meter' ib teev lom pulmonary edema tsim. Thaum hu ntawm cov kua ammonia thiab nws cov kev daws teeb meem (nyob rau hauv siab ntau) los ntawm tau daim tawv nqaij liab liab, khaus, kub thiab dermatitis. Txij li thaum liquefied nitride conduit absorbs tshav kub thaum lub sij hawm evaporation yog tau frostbite ua degrees.

ammonia lom Cov tsos mob

Lub lom cov ntaub ntawv toxicant tej zaum yuav ua ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib hais pib, xeev siab, kiv taub hau, mob taub hau, thiab li ntawd. Muaj cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus cwj pwm, nyob rau hauv particular muaj zog ntxhov siab, fem. Lub manifestation ntawm cov tsos mob tej zaum yog sib quas ntus. Tej zaum lawv yuav tso tseg rau ib pliag thiab ces resumed nrog tshiaj vigor.

Noj rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov tau zoo raug ammonia, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav coj ceev faj thaum ua hauj lwm nrog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw thiab tsis pub tshaj lub concentration nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.